Food Analysis: Theory and Practice

788 Pages·1994·23.56 MB·English

by  Yeshajahu Pomeranz

F O O D
ANALYSIS
F O O D
ANALYSIS
THEORY AND
PRACTICE
THIRD EDITION
YESHAJAHU POMERANZ
CLIFTON E. MELOAN
~
CHAPMAN & HALL
New York· London
This edition published in 1994 by
Chapman & Hall
One Penn Plaza
New York, NY 10119
Published in Great Britain by
Chapman & Hall
2-6 Boundary Row
London SEI 8HN
© 1994 Chapman & Hall, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any eIectronic, mechanical or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, incIuding photocopying and recording,
or by an information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pomeranz, Y. (Yeshajahu), 1922-
Food analysis: theory and practice I Yeshajahu Pomeranz, Clifton
E. Meloan. - 3rd ed.
p. cm.
IncIudes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4615-7000-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-6998-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-6998-5
1. Food-Analysis. I. Meloan, Clifton E. 11. Title.
TX54 1. P64 1994
664/ .07-dc20 94-12419
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
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Contents
Preface xiii
PART I GENERAL
Chapter 1 Searching the Literature 3
Searching a New Field 4
Modem Information Retrieval Systems 7
Bibliography 10
Chapter 2 Sampling 16
Sampies 19
Statistical Concepts 20
Manual Sampling 21
Continuous Sampling 21
Sampling Errors 23
Bibliography 24
Chapter 3 Preparation of Sampies 26
Grinding Dry Materials 27
Grinding Moist Materials 29
Enzymatic and Chemical Treatment 31
Enzyme Inactivation 32
Minimizing Lipid Changes 34
Controlling Oxidative and Microbial Attack 35
Bibliography 36
Chapter 4 Reporting Resuits and Reliability of Analyses 37
Reporting Results 38
v
vi Contents
Reliability of Analyses 41
Bibliography 51
PART 11 METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Chapter 5 Theory of Spectroscopy 55
Absorption of Radiation 56
Rotations 61
Vibrations 62
Electronic Transitions 64
Molecular Energy States 65
Problems 67
Chapter 6 Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 68
Instrument Components 73
Quantitative Analysis 80
Some Recent Applications 84
Problems 85
Bibliography 86
Chapter 7 Measurement of Color 87
Optical Aspects 88
CIE Color System 89
Simplified Tristimulus Color Systems 92
Abridged Methods 94
Methods Based on Pigment Content 96
Bibliography 97
Chapter 8 Fluorimetry 99
Instrument Components 101
Experimental Precautions 102
Quantitative Analysis 103
Some Recent Applications 105
Problems 106
Bibliography 107
Chapter 9 Infrared Spectroscopy 108
Instrumentation 109
Qualitative Analysis 122
Quantitative Analysis 122
Fourier Transform Infrared (PT-IR) Spectroscopy 126
Infrared Reflectance· Spectroscopy 129
Recent Applications 133
Problems 135
Bibliography 135
Contents vii
Chapter 10 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption,
and Inductively Coupled Plasmas 137
Flame Photometry 138
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 143
Electrothermal Process (Carbon Rod Fumace) 147
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Emission
Spectroscopy 148
Detection Limits 155
Some Recent Applications 156
Bibliography 156
Chapter 11 X-Ray Methods 158
Production and Detection of X-Rays 159
X-Ray Diffraction 161
X-Ray Fluorescence 162
Nondispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy 165
Quantitative Analysis 170
Some Recent Applications 170
Bibliography 170
Chapter 12 Potentiometry 172
Reference Electrodes l74
Indicator Electrodes 178
Some Recent Applications 186
Problems 186
Bibliography 186
Chapter 13 Coulometry 188
Constant -Current Coulometry 189
Controlled-Potential Coulometry 192
U se of Coulometry with Gas Chromatography 192
Some Recent Applications 196
Problems 197
Bibliography 198
Chapter 14 Conductivity 199
Acid-Base Titrations 201
Oxidation-Reduction Systems 203
Conductivity Detectors for Chromatography 203
Some Recent Applications 205
Bibliography 206
Chapter 15 Electrophoresis 208
Zone Electrophoresis 208
Paper Electrophoresis 211
viii Contents
CaIculation of Mobility 213
Disc Gel Electrophoresis 218
Isoelectric Focusing 220
Preparative Electrophoresis 222
Some Recent Applications 225
Problems 226
Bibliography 227
Chapter 16 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 228
Electroosmosis 230
Electrophoresis 230
UV Spectroscopy 236
Fluorescence 236
Conductivity and Amperometry 237
Mass Spectrometry 237
Radioisotopes 237
Some Recent Applications 241
Bibliography 242
Chapter 17 Mass Spectroscopy 243
Components of a Mass Spectrometer 243
Low-Voltage Mass Spectrometry 250
Quantitative Analysis 251
Combined Mass Spectrometry with Gas
Chromatography 256
Some Recent Applications 259
Problems 259
Bibliography 260
Chapter 18 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 262
Interpretation of NMR Spectra 264
Superconducting Magnets 269
Some Recent Applications 269
Bibliography 270
Chapter 19 Radioactivity, Counting Techniques, and
Radioimmunoassay 271
Radioactive Decay 273
Counting Devices 273
Isotopic Dilution 279
Neutron Activation Analysis 282
Food Irradiation 286
Radioimmunoassay 287
Some Recent Applications 288
Problems 288
Contents ix
Bibliography 289
Chapter 20 Column Chromatography, Size Exclusion,
and Ion Exchange 290
Displacement and Partition Chromatography 290
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 299
Affinity Chromatography (lncluding Immobilized
Enzymes) 303
Ion-Exchange Chromatography 313
Selecting a Chromatographic Technique 319
Some Recent Applications 322
Bibliography 323
Chapter 21 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
and Ion Chromatography 324
Basic HPLC Equipment and Operation 325
Major Types of HPLC 337
Definition of Terms 340
Ion Chromatography 346
Some Recent Applications 348
Bibliography 350
Chapter 22 Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography 352
Paper Chromatography 352
Thin-Layer Chromatography 357
Some Recent Applications 364
Bibliography 364
Chapter 23 Gas-Liquid Chromatography 366
Instrument Components 366
Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate 381
Identification of Compounds 385
Some Recent Applications 386
Bibliography 387
Chapter 24 Extraction 389
Liquid-Liquid Batch Extraction 389
Continuous Extraction 391
Discontinuous Countercurrent Extraction 393
Extraction P Values 395
Supercritical Fluid Extraction 399
Some Recent Applications 405
Problems 407
Bibliography 407
Chapter 25 Centrifugation 409
x Contents
Basic Relationships 409
Equipment 411
Ultracentrifugation 412
Centrifugal Analysis 417
Bibliography 418
Chapter 26 Densimetry 419
Definitions and Basic Relationships 420
Measurement of the Density of Liquids 421
Measurement of the Density of Solids 427
Bibliography 429
Chapter 27 Refractometry and Polarimetry 430
Refractometry 430
Polarimetry 438
Some Recent Applications 446
Problems 447
Bibliography 448
Chapter 28 Rheology 449
Rheological Parameters 449
Rheological Methods and Instruments 455
Measuring the Components of Food Texture 460
Applications 466
Bibliography 483
Chapter 29 Serology, Immunochemistry,
and Immunoelectrophoresis 488
Basic Considerations and Definitions 488
Immunochemical Methods 491
Applications 498
Bibliography 502
Chapter 30 Enzymatic Methods 506
General Considerations and Uses 506
Determination of Substrates 509
Determination of Enzymatic Activity 518
Other Applications of Enzymes 522
Automated Methods 528
Bibliography 529
Chapter 31 Analytical Microbiology 532
Principles of Microbiological Assays 533
Microbiological Methods 535
Determining Reliability of Microbial Assays 538