Fog for 5G and IoT

298 Pages·2017·9.863 MB·English

by  Balasubramanian, Bharath, Bonomi, Flavio, Chiang, Mung

FOG FOR 5G AND IoT
WILEYSERIESON INFORMATION
ANDCOMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY
SeriesEditors:T.RussellHsing,VincentK.N.Lau,andMungChiang
Acompletelistofthetitlesinthisseriesappearsattheendofthisvolume.
FOG FOR 5G AND IoT
Editedby
Mung Chiang
Arthur LeGrand Doty Professor of Electrical Engineering,
Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Bharath Balasubramanian
Senior Inventive Scientist, ATT Labs Research, Bedminster,
NJ, USA
Flavio Bonomi
Founder and CEO, Nebbiolo Technologies, Milpitas, CA, USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Chiang,Mung,editor.|Balasubramanian,Bharath,editor.|Bonomi,
Flavio,editor.
Title:Fogfor5GandIoT/editedbyMungChiang,BharathBalasubramanian,
FlavioBonomi.
Description:Hoboken,NJ,USA:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2017.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016042091|ISBN9781119187134(cloth)|ISBN9781119187172
(epub)|ISBN9781119187158(epdf)
Subjects:LCSH:Electronicdataprocessing–Distributedprocessing.|
Distributedsharedmemory.|Storageareanetworks(Computernetworks)|
Mobilecomputing.|Internetofthings.|Cloudcomputing.
Classification:LCCQA76.9.D5F6362017|DDC004.67/82–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016042091
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CoverdesignbyWiley
Setin10/12ptTimesbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xi
Introduction 1
BharathBalasubramanian,MungChiang,andFlavioBonomi
I.1 SummaryofChapters 5
I.2 Acknowledgments 7
References 8
I COMMUNICATIONANDMANAGEMENTOFFOG 11
1 ParaDrop:AnEdgeComputingPlatforminHomeGateways 13
SumanBanerjee,PengLiu,AshishPatro,andDaleWillis
1.1 Introduction 13
1.1.1 EnablingMultitenantWirelessGatewaysand
ApplicationsthroughParaDrop 14
1.1.2 ParaDropCapabilities 15
1.2 ImplementingServicesfortheParaDropPlatform 17
1.3 DevelopServicesforParaDrop 19
1.3.1 ASecurityCameraServiceUsingParaDrop 19
1.3.2 AnEnvironmentalSensorServiceUsingParaDrop 22
References 23
2 MindYourOwnBandwidth 24
CarleeJoe-Wong,SangtaeHa,ZhenmingLiu,FelixMingFaiWong,and
MungChiang
2.1 Introduction 24
2.1.1 LeveragingtheFog 25
2.1.2 AHomeSolutiontoaHomeProblem 25
2.2 RelatedWork 28
2.3 CreditDistributionandOptimalSpending 28
2.3.1 CreditDistribution 29
2.3.2 OptimalCreditSpending 31
vi CONTENTS
2.4 AnOnlineBandwidthAllocationAlgorithm 32
2.4.1 EstimatingOtherGateways’Spending 32
2.4.2 OnlineSpendingDecisionsandAppPrioritization 34
2.5 DesignandImplementation 35
2.5.1 TrafficandDeviceClassification 37
2.5.2 RateLimitingEngine 37
2.5.3 TrafficPrioritizationEngine 38
2.6 ExperimentalResults 39
2.6.1 RateLimiting 39
2.6.2 TrafficPrioritization 41
2.7 GatewaySharingResults 41
2.8 ConcludingRemarks 45
Acknowledgments 46
Appendix2.A 46
2.A.1 ProofofLemma2.1 46
2.A.2 ProofofLemma2.2 46
2.A.3 ProofofProposition2.1 47
2.A.4 ProofofProposition2.2 48
2.A.5 ProofofProposition2.3 49
2.A.6 ProofofProposition2.4 49
References 50
3 Socially-AwareCooperativeD2DandD4DCommunications
towardFogNetworking 52
XuChen,JunshanZhang,andSatyajayantMisra
3.1 Introduction 52
3.1.1 FromSocialTrustandSocialReciprocitytoD2D
Cooperation 54
3.1.2 SmartGrid:AnIoTCaseforSocially-AwareCooperative
D2DandD4DCommunications 55
3.1.3 SummaryofMainResults 57
3.2 RelatedWork 58
3.3 SystemModel 59
3.3.1 Physical(Communication)GraphModel 60
3.3.2 SocialGraphModel 61
3.4 Socially-AwareCooperativeD2DandD4DCommunications
towardFogNetworking 62
3.4.1 SocialTrust-BasedRelaySelection 63
3.4.2 SocialReciprocity-BasedRelaySelection 63
3.4.3 SocialTrustandSocialReciprocity-BasedRelay
Selection 68
3.5 NetworkAssistedRelaySelectionMechanism 69
3.5.1 ReciprocalRelaySelectionCycleFinding 69
3.5.2 NARSMechanism 70
CONTENTS vii
3.5.3 PropertiesofNARSMechanism 73
3.6 Simulations 75
3.6.1 Erdos–RenyiSocialGraph 76
3.6.2 RealTraceBasedSocialGraph 78
3.7 Conclusion 82
Acknowledgments 82
References 83
4 YouDeserveBetterProperties(FromYourSmartDevices) 86
StevenY.Ko
4.1 WhyWeNeedtoProvideBetterProperties 86
4.2 WhereWeNeedtoProvideBetterProperties 87
4.3 WhatPropertiesWeNeedtoProvideandHow 88
4.3.1 Transparency 88
4.3.2 PredictablePerformance 93
4.3.3 Openness 99
4.4 Conclusions 102
Acknowledgment 102
References 103
II STORAGEANDCOMPUTATIONINFOG 107
5 DistributedCachingforEnhancingCommunications
Efficiency 109
A.SalmanAvestimehrandAndreasF.Molisch
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Femtocaching 111
5.2.1 SystemModel 111
5.2.2 AdaptiveStreamingfromHelperStations 114
5.3 User-Caching 115
5.3.1 Cluster-BasedCachingandD2DCommunications 115
5.3.2 ITLinQ-BasedCachingandCommunications 118
5.3.3 CodedMulticast 126
5.4 ConclusionsandOutlook 130
References 131
6 WirelessVideoFog:CollaborativeLiveStreamingwithError
Recovery 133
BoZhang,ZhiLiu,andS.-H.GaryChan
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 RelatedWork 136
6.3 SystemOperationandNetworkModel 138
6.4 ProblemFormulationandComplexity 140
viii CONTENTS
6.4.1 NCPacketSelectionOptimization 140
6.4.2 BroadcasterSelectionOptimization 143
6.4.3 ComplexityAnalysis 144
6.5 VBCR:ADistributedHeuristicforLiveVideowithCooperative
Recovery 144
6.5.1 InitialInformationExchange 145
6.5.2 CooperativeRecovery 145
6.5.3 UpdatedInformationExchange 147
6.5.4 VideoPacketForwarding 147
6.6 IllustrativeSimulationResults 150
6.7 ConcludingRemarks 156
References 156
7 ElasticMobileDeviceClouds:LeveragingMobileDevices
toProvideCloudComputingServicesattheEdge 159
KarimHabak,CongShi,EllenW.Zegura,KhaledA.Harras,and
MostafaAmmar
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 DesignSpacewithExamples 161
7.2.1 Mont-Blanc 162
7.2.2 ComputingwhileCharging 163
7.2.3 FemtoCloud 164
7.2.4 Serendipity 166
7.3 FemtoCloudPerformanceEvaluation 168
7.3.1 ExperimentalSetup 168
7.3.2 FemtoCloudSimulationResults 169
7.3.3 FemtoCloudPrototypeEvaluation 173
7.4 SerendipityPerformanceEvaluation 175
7.4.1 ExperimentalSetup 175
7.4.2 Serendipity’sPerformanceBenefits 176
7.4.3 ImpactofNetworkEnvironment 179
7.4.4 TheImpactoftheJobProperties 182
7.5 Challenges 186
References 186
III APPLICATIONSOFFOG 189
8 TheRoleofFogComputingintheFutureoftheAutomobile 191
FlavioBonomi,StefanPoledna,andWilfriedSteiner
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 CurrentAutomobileElectronicArchitectures 193
8.3 FutureChallengesofAutomotiveE/EArchitecturesandSolution
Strategies 195
CONTENTS ix
8.4 FutureAutomobilesasFogNodesonWheels 200
8.5 DeterministicFOGNodesonWheelsThroughReal-Time
ComputingandTime-TriggeredTechnologies 203
8.5.1 DeterministicFogNodeAddressingtheScalability
ChallengethroughVirtualization 203
8.5.2 DeterministicFogNodeAddressingtheConnectivityand
SecurityChallenges 204
8.5.3 EmergingUseCaseofDeterministicFogNodesin
AutomotiveApplications—Vehicle-Wide
Virtualization 206
8.6 Conclusion 209
References 209
9 GeographicAddressingforFieldNetworks 211
RobertJ.Hall
9.1 Introduction 211
9.1.1 FieldNetworking 211
9.1.2 ChallengesofFieldNetworking 212
9.2 GeographicAddressing 214
9.3 SAGP:WirelessGAintheField 215
9.3.1 SAGPProcessing 216
9.3.2 SAGPRetransmissionHeuristics 217
9.3.3 ExampleofSAGPPacketPropagation 218
9.3.4 Followcast:EfficientSAGPStreaming 219
9.3.5 MeetingtheChallenges 220
9.4 Georouting:ExtendingGAtotheCloud 221
9.5 SGAF:AMulti-TieredArchitectureforLarge-ScaleGA 222
9.5.1 BridgingBetweenTiers 223
9.5.2 HybridSecurityArchitecture 225
9.6 TheAT&TLabsGeocastSystem 225
9.7 TwoGAApplications 226
9.7.1 PSCommander 226
9.7.2 GeocastGames 230
9.8 Conclusions 232
References 232
10 DistributedOnlineLearningandStreamProcessing
foraSmarterPlanet 234
DeepakS.TuragaandMihaelavanderSchaar
10.1 Introduction:SmarterPlanet 234
10.2 IllustrativeProblem:Transportation 237
10.3 StreamProcessingCharacteristics 238
10.4 DistributedStreamProcessingSystems 239
10.4.1 StateoftheArt 239
x CONTENTS
10.4.2 StreamProcessingSystems 240
10.5 DistributedOnlineLearningFrameworks 244
10.5.1 StateoftheArt 244
10.5.2 SystematicFrameworkforOnlineDistributedEnsemble
Learning 247
10.5.3 OnlineLearningoftheAggregationWeights 250
10.5.4 CollisionDetectionApplication 254
10.6 WhatLiesAhead 257
Acknowledgment 258
References 258
11 SecuringtheInternetofThings:NeedforaNewParadigm
andFogComputing 261
TaoZhang,YiZheng,RaymondZheng,andHelderAntunes
11.1 Introduction 261
11.2 NewIoTSecurityChallengesThatNecessitateFundamental
ChangestotheExistingSecurityParadigm 263
11.2.1 ManyThingsWillHaveLongLifeSpansbutConstrained
andDifficult-to-UpgradeResources 264
11.2.2 PuttingAllIoTDevicesInsideFirewalledCastlesWill
BecomeInfeasibleorImpractical 264
11.2.3 Mission-CriticalSystemsWillDemandMinimal-Impact
IncidentResponses 265
11.2.4 TheNeedtoKnowtheSecurityStatusofaVastNumberof
Devices 266
11.3 ANewSecurityParadigmfortheInternetofThings 268
11.3.1 HelptheLessCapablewithFogComputing 269
11.3.2 ScaleSecurityMonitoringtoLargeNumberofDevices
withCrowdAttestation 272
11.3.3 DynamicRisk–Benefit-ProportionalProtectionwith
AdaptiveImmuneSecurity 277
11.4 Summary 281
Acknowledgment 281
References 281
INDEX 285