Education and Health Standing Committee Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: the invisible disability Report No. 15 Legislative Assembly September 2012 Parliament of Western Australia Committee Members Chairman Dr Janet Woollard, MLA Member for Alfred Cove Deputy Chairman Mr Peter Watson, MLA Member for Albany Members Dr Graham Jacobs, MLA Member for Eyre Ms Lisa Baker, MLA Member for Maylands Mr Peter Abetz, MLA Member for Southern River Committee Staff Principal Research Officer Dr Brian Gordon Research Officer Ms Lucy Roberts Legislative Assembly Tel: (08) 9222 7494 Parliament House Fax: (08) 9222 7804 Harvest Terrace Email: [email protected] PERTH WA 6000 Website: www.parliament.wa.gov.au/ehsc Published by the Parliament of Western Australia, Perth. September 2012. ISBN: 978-1-921865-58-9 (Series: Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Assembly. Committees. Education and Health Standing Committee. Report 15) 328.365 Education and Health Standing Committee Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: the invisible disability Report No. 15 Presented by Dr Janet Woollard MLA Laid on the Table of the Legislative Assembly on 20 September 2012 Chair’s Foreword In 2009, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) published the “Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol”. Guideline 4 for Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Maternal alcohol consumption can harm the developing foetus or breastfeeding baby. A For women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, not drinking is the safest option. B For women who are breastfeeding, not drinking is the safest option.1 The safest way for a mother to ensure there is no harm to her unborn child from her alcohol consumption is not to drink alcohol during pregnancy. This is a difficult task for mothers as research shows 50% of pregnancies are unplanned and so the mother may be drinking for a while before she becomes aware she is pregnant. Alcohol is a teratogen to an unborn child For the unborn child, alcohol is a teratogen. A teratogen is an agent which can cross the placenta and interfere with the normal development of the embryo or foetus. Alcohol can cause a wide range of birth defects which come under the umbrella term of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). These birth defects last a lifetime and have major social, behavioural and financial implications for the child born with FASD, their family and the community. A teratogen is something that a mother has been exposed to or which she exposes herself to during her pregnancy. Known teratogens include diseases such as rubella and medications such as thalidomide. As a teratogen, alcohol can harm an unborn baby at any time during a pregnancy. The harm done to the baby is influenced by the stage of growth of the embryo or foetus 1 National Health and Medical Research Council “Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol” Commonwealth of Australia 2009. when the alcohol was consumed, how much alcohol was consumed, and the pattern of the mother’s drinking. The mother’s social, behavioural and economic status may influence, when, how much and the effect of the alcohol on the mother and child. The harm done by alcohol to the unborn child may not be evident at birth but is life‐long. There is no safe amount of alcohol intake. FASD is completely preventable if no alcohol is consumed during pregnancy. During pregnancy, alcohol passes from the mother’s blood stream to the unborn baby’s blood stream. The alcohol may stay longer in the unborn baby’s blood stream as the baby’s liver may metabolise the alcohol more slowly. Alcohol can damage and affect the growth of the unborn baby’s cells. Alcohol can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, brain damage or many other problems which will affect the child after it is born. Alcohol destroys the developing brain cells. The damage caused can be mild or severe. A child born with FASD has a lifelong condition which affects their lifestyle, the life of their family, their friends and the community in which they live. Cognitive impairment (CI) is caused by the dysfunction or developmental delay from the damage or deterioration of the developing brain caused by alcohol. Cognitive impairment is as an ongoing impairment in comprehension, reason, judgment, learning or memory. A child with CI may have developmental delays, difficulty hearing, problems with vision, learning problems, language and speech deficits, impulsiveness, a short attention span, and difficulties getting along with others. They may be hyperactive, which is why they may be diagnosed as having hyperactivity (ADHD), and have problems controlling their behaviour. Inappropriate behaviour by a person who has FASD is often because of the underlying brain dysfunction. Children and people with FASD often do not make rational decisions or choices. Their inappropriate behaviour may causes problems at school and after school, as they have difficulty finding and maintaining employment. Inappropriate behaviour may include inappropriate sexual behaviours. Related to their FASD is the greater likelihood for them to develop other conditions including alcohol and drug addiction or mental illness. Some mothers may drink alcohol to deal with stress, despair or abuse. The higher the mother’s alcohol intake, the more risk there is of damage to the unborn child. Some women are affected more than others, possibly due to other factors in their lifestyle such as their living conditions, their diet, and their use of other drugs, including tobacco. These women may have more than one child affected by FASD. Sadly, we are now hearing of children born with FASD whose mother and grandmother may also have FASD. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy has been described, by Dr Stone in the Commonwealth Parliament, as “gambling with the welfare of your unborn child”.2 Dr Stone said “we need to move away from the nonsense about a little bit will not hurt and have women and their partners understand that for nine months, at least, it is important not to gamble with the future, the lifetime of your child”.3 Further she went on to add “in order to change the rights of a child to be born without a preventable disability we have to make sure there is no misinformation in the community”.4 The pressure on the families of children and adults with FASD is high as they try to access care, special education programs, services and support. Non‐government organisations such as the National Organisation for Foetal Alcohol Syndrome And Related Disorders (NOFASARD), have been developed to represent the interests of parents, carers and others interested in or affected by FASD. Medicine is evidence based: there is a need for screening, diagnosis, data collection and prevention. To decrease the prevalence of FASD in WA the government must provide funding for: Screening; Diagnosis; The collection of prevalence data; and Prevention. Screening Screening to prevent FASD should commence ante‐natally by general practitioners and midwifes. Other health professionals should also screen girls or women of child bearing age who they have as clients who have drug or alcohol problems. In Western Australia, the general practitioner, the child health nurse or the school health nurse will, at different times, undertake infant and early childhood screening which may identify early cognitive or behavioural developmental delays. As well as routine screening, targeted screening should occur for newborns and children at risk of FASD. There are a number of scheduled opportunities for such checks In the case of Child Health Nurses, checks are meant to occur at birth, 6‐8 weeks, 3‐4 months, 8 months, 18 months, and at 3 years. In addition a school entry assessment is performed by school health nurses. School Health Nurses collect this data using the Parents Evaluation of 2 Dr Stone., Commonwealth House of Representatives, Hansard p141 22/8/11. 3 Ibid p142. 4 Ibid p142. Developmental Status (PEDS) questions. Depending on the outcome of this assessment the school health nurse might then ask parents to complete an “Ages and Stages” questionnaire or might organise a referral to specialist services. Such screening supports the early development of intervention and management strategies for affected families. Current shortfalls in both Child and School Health Nurses will impact the effectiveness of such screening. Diagnosis A diagnostic tool will enable the Government to determine the prevalence of FASD in WA and Australia. Diagnosis of FASD requires a multidisciplinary approach from paediatricians, general practitioners, nurses, social workers, psychologists, speech and language therapists. In the United States it has been estimated that one out of every 100 babies are born with FASD.5 The Committee was told that 30% or higher of the population in some remote Aboriginal communities may have FASD. We were also told that in WA children are being born who are 2nd or 3rd generation children with FASD. This means children born with FASD may have parents and grandparents who have FASD. The reason children with FASD have not been diagnosed at birth is because these children do not look different from other children. The damage done to their brain during embryonic and foetal growth leads to cognitive impairment causing developmental delays that last a lifetime. Given that FASD is diagnosed in other countries it is unacceptable that West Australians, and Australians, are still waiting for the government to sign off on an agreed diagnostic tool for FASD. Other countries that have FASD diagnostic tools for young children are now developing tools to help diagnose older children, teenagers and adults with FASD. Often these older children, teenagers or adults present as clients in the juvenile and criminal justice system. This is sadly because the inappropriate behaviour of these individuals often sees them come into contact with these services. Prevalence Without screening and diagnosis we do not know how prevalent FASD is in the community. It has been referred to as the “invisible disability”.6 Once we have data on the prevalence of FASD, disability services can be given the responsibility to ensure 5 Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005; 172 (5 Suppl): S1‐S21. 6 Carolyn Hartness, US Educator speaking to health professionals in Broome 2011. children and adults with FASD are given the additional care and resources to enable them to live at their highest possible level of functioning and behaviour. Government services such as juvenile justice, criminal justice, foster care, child safety, mental health and social services will need additional funding to fund care and develop processes to assist children or adults with FASD. In other countries the additional cost of caring for each baby born with FASD is high, with different adjusted lifetime costs quoted between US$1.1 million7 and US$2 million.8 Prevention The Role of Health Professionals Diagnosis of FASD will enable health professionals to assist in parenting, and to assist in identification and treatment of developmental and behavioural problems as children with FASD grow older. Health professionals should be educated and skilled to routinely ask all girls and women of childbearing age about their alcohol use. For those who are pregnant or trying to have a baby, advice should be given about alcohol consumption and the unborn child. Brief interventions by health professionals may decrease the incidence of FASD. Girls or women with an alcohol dependency or who are living in high risk situations should be offered additional assistance. This might be at home or in a shelter for pregnant girls or women who would like to stop drinking alcohol to protect their unborn child. Health professionals are ideally suited to run public or school based education programs to improve the awareness within the community of the effect of alcohol on the unborn child. The treatment of FASD occurs across multiple government departments. There should be a dedicated FASD health professional to work with a number of clients with FASD. This professional could ensure children are not lost in the complexity of the referral and treatment pathways. They can ensure children engage with the specialist educational, behavioural and support services they require to maximise the child’s potential. 7 Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, COSTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER IN ALBERTA, CANADA, 2008 (?), p1. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515625. Accessed on 8 May 2012. 8 Lupton C, Burd L & Harwood R (2004) Cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. American Journal of Medical Genetics 127C 42‐50. The family and the community role to protect the unborn child Fathers and those people who are close to a pregnant woman can have an important role in supporting a mother to stop or reduce their alcohol intake during pregnancy. The community can help prevent FASD by encouraging young girls or women who are pregnant or want to get pregnant not to drink alcohol during their pregnancy. Medicare Locals can play a role in promoting the NHMRC guidelines. Stopping drinking at any time during a pregnancy will reduce the risk of damage by alcohol to an unborn child. Parents‐to‐be can be reminded that no alcohol is the safest choice. They can be offered non‐alcoholic drinks and encouraged to drink less. Others can support parents by drinking less or not drinking when socialising with them as a measure of support for their unborn child. Alcohol the debate, the fourth A: Advertising; Affordability; Access and AWARENESS The three As are the three main factors which influence the sale and consumption of alcohol and were listed in our previous report on alcohol. These were the advertising of alcohol, the affordability of alcohol, and the access to purchase alcohol. Advertising ‐ the Federal Government is to be congratulated on plans to introduce warning labels on alcohol to assist in ensuring that every girl and woman who drinks alcohol is an informed consumer and knows there is no safe amount of alcohol for an unborn child. Liquor outlets could be proactive and ensure that any bags or boxes used for customers to carry their alcohol have warnings on the packaging. Both the State and Federal Governments could progressively eliminate alcohol advertising, particularly in areas like sport and television where young and teenage children are most susceptible. Affordability – the Federal Government could increase the price of alcohol so that there is a minimum price per standard drink. This may prevent some of the preloading which occurs by teenagers and young adults. It may help in the culture shift required to stop young people drinking to get drunk. Access ‐ in WA the Minister for Liquor Licensing has stated in Parliament that he will review the WA Liquor Control Act 1988. It is hoped this review will ensure there is greater attention placed on the public health impact of alcohol sales. With this review, the Government is able to help prevent the sale and provision of alcohol to minors by ensuring parental consent is required before alcohol is given to minors. The review could amend the Act to allow the police to perform controlled purchasing operations to prevent liquor being sold to minors. The Government has an opportunity through this review to amend the Act to ensure:
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