Fodder crops and amenity grasses PDF
Preview Fodder crops and amenity grasses
Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING Editors-in-Chief: JAIMEPROHENS,UniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia,Valencia,Spain FERNANDONUEZ,UniversidadPolitecnicadeValencia,Valencia,Spain MARCELOJ.CARENA,NorthDakotaStateUniversity,Fargo,ND,USA Volume1 VegetablesI:Asteraceae,Brassicaceae,Chenopodicaceae,andCucurbitaceae EditedbyJaimeProhensandFernandoNuez Volume2 VegetablesII:Fabaceae,Liliaceae,SolanaceaeandUmbelliferae EditedbyJaimeProhensandFernandoNuez Volume3 Cereals EditedbyMarceloCarena Volume4 OilCrops EditedbyJohannVollmannandIstvanRajcan Volume5 FodderCropsandAmenityGrasses EditedbyBeatBoller,UlrichK.Posselt,FabioVeronesi · · Beat Boller Ulrich K. Posselt Fabio Veronesi Editors Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses 1 3 Editors BeatBoller UlrichK.Posselt Agroscope UniversitätHohenheim Reckenholz-Tänikon Inst.Pflanzenzüchtung ResearchStationART Fruwirthstr.21 Reckenholzstr.191 70593Stuttgart 8046Zürich Germany Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] FabioVeronesi UniversitàdegliStudidiPerugia Dpto.diBiologiaVegetalee BiotecnologieAgroambientali BorgoXXGiugno,74 06121Perugia Italy [email protected] ISBN978-1-4419-0759-2 e-ISBN978-1-4419-0760-8 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-0760-8 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009940383 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2010 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Grassland farming in Europe was already established during the settlement of the first farmers together with their domesticated animals after the last ice age. Since then, grassland provides the forage basis to feed ruminant animals for the pro- duction of meat and milk. Depending on the ecological conditions and intensity of usage, various plant communities with different species developed, displaying a rich biodiversity. With the introduction of improved crop rotations at the end of the 16th century, grasses and legumes were also grown to an important extent as foragecropsonarableland.Inthelastdecades theimportanceofamenitygrasses increasedmarkedly,duetothedemandofthesocietyfornewusageslikelandscape protection. Around 1900 interested farmers and academics identified the need for grass- land improvement through systematic selection and seed production. This marks the beginning of breeding and research in companies but also at universities and specializedresearchinstitutes.Plantcollectionstartedwithmanyofthespeciesthat are still of importance today. The collected materials were grouped according to the intended use and some type of phenotypic selection was applied. Seed multi- plicationofsuchpopulationswasperformedinpurestandsandtheharvestedseed wasmarketed.Althoughthevegetativebiomassanditsqualityareofutmostimpor- tance in forage crop breeding, it is the seed yield potential which determines the commercialsuccessofanewvariety. There are some milestones in forage crop breeding that should be mentioned: the invention of the polycross leading to the replacement of open pollinated vari- etiesbysyntheticvarieties,progenytesting,breedingofamenitygrasses,induction oftetraploidsintheryegrassesandredclover,andtheintroductionandapplication of molecular tools. The invention of the forage plot harvester, computers, NIRS, andothernewtechnologieshasledtoatremendousincreaseinbreedingintensity. Unfortunately, public funded research is decreasing dramatically in most highly developed countries, while in the commercial sector a concentration process took place.Thus,effortsareneededtoavoidlossinknowledgeandbreedingexperience. Scientific and practical knowledge of forage plant breeding accumulated in the first 50 years of systematic fodder crop breeding has been summarized in the so far unique volume “Züchtung der Futterpflanzen – Breeding of Forage Plants” which appeared as the fourth volume of the bilingual “Handbuch der v vi Preface Pflanzenzüchtung–ManualofPlantBreeding”intwoeditions,1941and1959,and was edited by H. Kappert and W. Rudorf. In their foreword to the second edition, we can read that “the research results are scattered inprofuse literaturewhich can nolongerbeoverlookedbytheindividual.”Now,another50yearslater,thisiscer- tainlytrueevenmoreandweaseditorsofthe“FodderCropsandAmenityGrasses” volume of this new “Handbook of Plant Breeding” are proud to tackle again the challenge of making the most pertinent knowledge available to the plant breeding community. Because forage crops have many topics in common and to avoid redundancy, we decided to start with nine general chapters devoted to the role of forage crops inmultifunctionalagriculture,geneticresources,breedingmethodology,molecular tools, breeding objectives in forages as well as amenity grasses, breeding for seed yield, variety testing and release, and an outlook into the future. The second part comprisestheninemostimportantgroupsoftemperatespeciesamongthegrasses, clovers,andalfalfa.Minorspeciesarealsotreatedinrespectivechapters.Eachofthe crop-specificchapterscoversthewholerangeoftopicsrelatedtobreedingfromthe originandhistoryoftheparticularcropandgeneticresourcestobreedingachieve- ments,specificgoalsandtechniques,includingthepotentialandactualintegration ofnewbiotechnologies.Thechaptershavebeenwrittenbyoutstandingbreedersand scientistswithwideexperienceintheircropsandtopics. Thisvolumecontainsallthebasicandupdatedinformationonthestateoftheart ofbreedingfoddercropsandamenitygrasses.Thevastamountofknowledgecol- lectedinthisvolumeshouldnotonlyservebreedersaswellasresearchers,students, butalsotheiracademicteachers.Itmayberegardedasascientificknowledgeplat- form which provides practical plant breeders with new scientific information, but also to make molecular biologists more familiar with the peculiarities of breeding thevariousspeciesoffoddercropsandamenitygrasses. Thecompletionofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontribu- tions of the many authors, who have devoted much time to the task of writing the chapters.ThescientificplatformoftheFodderCropsandAmenityGrassesSection ofEUCARPIAhasbeenanextremelyvaluableresourceofrecruitinghighlycom- petentcontributors.WealsowanttothankthestaffofSpringer,inparticularHannah Schorr,fortheircontinuoussupport. Last but not least, we would like to thank Christine, Brigitte, and Daniela for theirpatienceandsupportwhileworkingonthisvolume. Zürich,Switzerland BeatBoller Stuttgart,Germany UlrichK.Posselt Perugia,Italy FabioVeronesi Contents 1. TheRoleofForageCropsinMultifunctionalAgriculture . . . . . 1 DirkReheul,BennyDeCauwer,andMathiasCougnon 2. GeneticResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 BeatBollerandStephanieL.Greene 3. BreedingMethodsinCross-PollinatedSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . 39 UlrichK.Posselt 4. Development and Application of Biotechnological andMolecularGeneticTools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 RolandKölliker,DanieleRosellini,andZeng-YuWang 5. BreedingObjectivesinForages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 MichaelD.CaslerandEdzardvanSanten 6. BreedingObjectivesinAmenityGrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 SheenaDuller,DanielThorogood,andStacyA.Bonos 7. BreedingforGrassSeedYield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 BirteBoeltandBrunoStuder 8. ControlofCultivarReleaseandDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 TrevorJ.Gilliland 9. FutureDevelopmentsandUses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 JosephH.Bouton 10. Ryegrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 MervynHumphreys,UlfFeuerstein,MurielVandewalle, andJoostBaert 11. Fescues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 OddArneRognli,MalayC.Saha,SureshBhamidimarri, andStefanvanderHeijden vii viii Contents 12. Festulolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 MarcGhesquière,MichaelW.Humphreys, andZbigniewZwierzykowski 13. Cocksfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 YasuharuSanada,Marie-ChristineGras,andEdzardvanSanten 14. Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 HiroyukiTamaki,JoostBaert,andPetterMarum 15. Bluegrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 DavidR.Huff 16. MinorGrassSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 GrzegorzZ˙urekandMagdalenaŠevcˇíková 17. Alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 FabioVeronesi,E.CharlesBrummer,andChristianHuyghe 18. RedClover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 BeatBoller,FranzXaverSchubiger,andRolandKölliker 19. WhiteClover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 MichaelT.AbbertonandAtholeH.Marshall 20. MinorLegumeSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 EfisioPianoandLucianoPecetti SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Contributors MichaelT.Abberton InstituteofBiological,EnvironmentalandRuralSciences (IBERS),AberystwythUniversity,Gogerddan,AberystwythSY233EB,UK JoostBaert DepartmentofPlantGeneticsandBreeding,Caritasstraat21,9090 Melle,Belgium SureshBhamidimarri GrassBreedingLab,ForageImprovementDivision,The SamuelRobertsNobleFoundation,2510SamNobleParkway,Ardmore,OK 73401,USA BirteBoelt DepartmentofGeneticsandBiotechnology,ResearchCentre Flakkebjerg,AarhusUniversity,Forsøgsvej1,DK-4200Slagelse,Denmark BeatBoller AgroscopeReckenholz-Tänikon,ResearchStationART, Reckenholzstrasse191,CH-8046Zürich,Switzerland StacyA.Bonos DepartmentofPlantBiologyandPathology,Rutgers,TheState UniversityofNewJersey,NewBrunswick,NJ08901-8520,USA JosephH.Bouton TheSamuelRobertsNobleFoundation,2510SamNoble Parkway,Ardmore,OK73401,USA E.CharlesBrummer CropandSoilSciencesDepartment,InstituteforPlant Breeding,Genetics,andGenomics,UniversityofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602, USA MichaelD.Casler USDA-ARS,U.S.DairyForageResearchCenter,1925Linden Dr.,Madison,WI53706,USA MathiasCougnon UniversityofGent,Coupurelinks653,B-9000Gent,Belgium BennyDeCauwer UniversityofGent,Coupurelinks653,B-9000Gent,Belgium SheenaDuller InstituteofBiological,EnvironmentalandRuralSciences, AberystwythUniversity,Gogerddan,AberystwythCeredigionSY233EB,UK UlfFeuerstein EuroGrassBreedingGmbHandCo.KGSteimkerWeg7,27330, Asendorf,Germany ix
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