Focusing on Aspects and Experiences of Religion PDF
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‒ TheInstituteforPolish–JewishStudiesinOxfordanditssisterorganization,theAmerican AssociationforPolish–JewishStudies,whichpublishPolin,arelearnedsocietiesthatwere establishedin,followingtheInternationalConferenceonPolish–JewishStudies,held in Oxford. The Institute is an associate institute of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and the American Association is linked with the Department of Near EasternandJudaicStudiesatBrandeisUniversity. Both the Institute and the American Association aim to promote understanding of the PolishJewishpast.Theyhavenobuildingorlibraryoftheirownandnopaidstaff;they achievetheiraimsbyencouragingscholarlyresearchandfacilitatingitspublication,andby creatingforumsforpeoplewithascholarlyinterestinPolishJewishtopics,bothpastand present. TothisendtheInstituteandtheAmericanAssociationhelporganizelecturesandinter- national conferences. Venues for these activities have included Brandeis University in Waltham,Massachusetts,theHebrewUniversityinJerusalem,theInstitutefortheStudy of Human Sciences in Vienna, King’s College in London, the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, the University of Łódz´, University College London, and the Polish Cultural Institute and the Polish embassy in London. They have encouraged academic exchanges between Israel, Poland, the United States, and western Europe. In particular they seek to help train a new generation of scholars,inPolandandelsewhere,tostudythecultureandhistoryoftheJewsinPoland. EachyearsincetheInstitutehaspublishedavolumeofscholarlypapersintheseries Polin:StudiesinPolishJewryunderthegeneraleditorshipofProfessorAntonyPolonskyof BrandeisUniversity.SincetheserieshasbeenpublishedonitsbehalfbytheLittman Library of Jewish Civilization, and since the publication has been linked with the AmericanAssociationaswell.InMarchtheentireserieswashonouredwithaNational JewishBookAwardfromtheJewishBookCouncilintheUnitedStates.Morethantwenty otherworksonPolishJewishtopicshavealsobeenpublishedwiththeInstitute’sassistance. Further information on the Institute for Polish–Jewish Studies can be found on their website,<www.polishjewishstudies.pl>.ForthewebsiteoftheAmericanAssociationfor Polish–JewishStudies,see<www.aapjstudies.org>. THE LITTMAN LIBRARY OF JEWISH CIVILIZATION Dedicatedtothememoryof L T S L whofoundedtheLittmanLibraryfortheloveofGod andasanactofcharityinmemoryofhisfather J A L ‘Getwisdom,getunderstanding: Forsakehernotandsheshallpreservethee’ . : TheLittmanLibraryofJewishCivilizationisaregisteredUKcharity Registeredcharityno. P O L I N STUDIES IN POLISH JEWRY ccccccccccccccccdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx VOLUME ELEVEN FocusingonAspectsandExperiencesofReligion Editedby ccccccccccccccccdxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Publishedfor TheInstituteforPolish–JewishStudies and TheAmericanAssociationforPolish–JewishStudies Oxford . Portland,Oregon TheLittmanLibraryofJewishCivilization TheLittmanLibraryofJewishCivilization ChiefExecutiveOfficer:LudoCraddock ManagingEditor:ConnieWebber POBox,Oxford, www.littman.co.uk ——– PublishedintheUnitedStatesandCanadaby TheLittmanLibraryofJewishCivilization c/oISBS,NEthAvenueSuite Portland,Oregon- Firstpublished Firstdigitalon-demandedition ©InstituteforPolish–JewishStudies Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorby anymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingof TheLittmanLibraryofJewishCivilization Thepaperbackeditionofthisbookissoldsubjecttothecondition thatitshallnot,bywayoftradeorotherwise,belent,re-sold, hiredoutorotherwisecirculatedwithoutthepublisher’spriorconsent inanyformofbindingorcoverotherthanthatinwhichitispublished andwithoutasimilarconditionincludingthiscondition beingimposedonthesubsequentpurchaser AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable ISSN ISBN--‒‒ Publishingco-ordinator:JanetMoth Copy-editing:LaurienBerkeleyandJeremySchonfield Proof-reading:AnnetteWinkelmann Design:PeteRussell,Faringdon,Oxon. PrintedinGreatBritainbyLightningSourceUK,MiltonKeynes, intheUnitedStatesbyLightningSourceUS,LaVergne,Tennessee, andinAustraliabyLightningSourceAustralia,Scoresby,Victoria Thisbookhasbeenprinteddigitallyandproducedina standardspecificationinordertoensureitscontinuingavailability. Articlesappearinginthispublicationareabstractedandindexedin HistoricalAbstractsandAmerica:HistoryandLife. DedicatedbyJulianandFayBussgang tothememoryof (‒) and (‒) whoescapedLwówafterthewarbrokeout andreachedtheUnitedStatesin viaRomania,Palestine,andEngland Editors and Advisers MonikaAdamczyk-Garbowska,Lublin IsraelBartal,Jerusalem AntonyPolonsky(Chair),Waltham,Mass. MichaelSteinlauf,Philadelphia JerzyTomaszewski,Warsaw JonathanWebber,Kraków DavidAssaf,TelAviv ElchananReiner,TelAviv WładysławT.Bartoszewski,Warsaw JehudaReinharz,Waltham,Mass. GlennDynner,Bronxville,NY MosheRosman,TelAviv DavidEngel,NewYork SzymonRudnicki,Warsaw DavidFishman,NewYork HenrykSamsonowicz,Warsaw ChaeRanFreeze,Waltham,Mass. RobertShapiro,NewYork JacobGoldberg,Jerusalem AdamTeller,Providence,RI YisraelGutman,Jerusalem MagdalenaTeter,Middletown,Conn. FrançoisGuesnet,London DanielTollet,Paris JerzyKłoczowski,Lublin PiotrS.Wandycz,NewHaven,Conn. EzraMendelsohn,Jerusalem JoshuaZimmerman,NewYork JoannaMichlic,Bethlehem,Pa. StevenZipperstein,Stanford,Calif. WładysławBartoszewski,Warsaw Heinz-DietrichLöwe,Heidelberg AndrzejChojnowski,Warsaw EmanuelMelzer,TelAviv AndrzejCiechanowiecki,London ShlomoNetzer,TelAviv NormanDavies,London ZbigniewPełczyn´ski,Oxford FrankGolczewski,Hamburg AlexanderSchenker,NewHaven,Conn. OlgaGoldberg,Jerusalem DavidSorkin,Madison,Wis. FeliksGross,NewYork EdwardStankiewicz,NewHaven,Conn. CzesławHernas,Wrocław NormanStone,Ankara JerzyJedlicki,Warsaw ShmuelWerses,Jerusalem AndrzejKamin´ski,Washington PiotrWróbel,Toronto HillelLevine,Boston Preface Polin is sponsored by the Institute of Polish–Jewish Studies, Oxford and by the AmericanAssociationforPolish–JewishStudies,whichislinkedwiththeDepart- ment of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, Brandeis University. As with earlier- issues,thisvolumecouldnothaveappearedwithouttheuntiringassistanceofmany individuals.Inparticular,weshouldliketoexpressourgratitudetoDrJonathan Webber,TreasureroftheInstituteforPolish–JewishStudies,toProfessorJehuda Reinharz,PresidentofBrandeisUniversity,andMrsIrenePipes,Presidentofthe American Association for Polish–Jewish Studies. As before, this volume would never have appeared without the constant assistance and supervision of Connie Webber, managing editor of the Littman Library, Janet Moth, publishing co- ordinator,andthetirelesscopy-editingofLaurienBerkeley.Wealsooweadebtto GwidoZlatkesforkeepingtoaminimumthemistakesinthePolishlanguage. PlansforfuturevolumesofPolinarewelladvanced.Asweexplainedinvolume ,eachvolumewillnolongerconcentrateonatheme.Theeditorshavecometo theconclusionthattodevotealargeproportionofeachvolumetoonethemehas meantthatveryfewotherarticlescouldbepublishedandthatthelengthoftime betweenthesubmissionofanarticleanditspublicationhadbecomeinordinately long.Inaddition,therapiddevelopmentofscholarshipinthefieldofPolishJewish studies has meant that even where the bulk of an issue was devoted to a single theme, it was impossible to provide a comprehensive treatment of a subject. We shallstillpresentclustersofarticlesontopicsweregardascentraltooursubject. This volume includes such a cluster on aspects and experiences of Judaism in Poland. Volume will highlight the triangular relationship of Poles, Jews, and UkrainiansinGaliciabetween and,andvolumewillfeatureacluster ofarticlesontheHolocaustinthePolishlands.Wehopeinvolumetohavesucha cluster on the history of the Jews in the Polish borderlands, both east and west. Weshouldwelcomecontributionstothesetopics,aswellasonallotherrelevant issues.Weshouldalsowelcomeanyothersuggestionsorcriticisms.Inparticular, weshouldbeverygratefulforassistanceinextendingourcoveragetotheareasof Ukraine,Belarus,andLithuania,bothintheperiodinwhichthesecountrieswere partofthePolish–LithuanianCommonwealthandsubsequently. POLIN StudiesinPolishJewry PolesandJews:RenewingtheDialogue() JewsandtheEmergingPolishState() TheJewsofWarsaw() PolesandJews:PerceptionsandMisperceptions() NewResearch,NewViews() JewsinŁódz´,–() JewishLifeinNazi-OccupiedWarsaw() FromShtetltoSocialism():selectedarticlesfromvolumes– JewsinIndependentPoland,–() Jews,Poles,Socialists:TheFailureofanIdeal() JewsinEarlyModernPoland() AspectsandExperiencesofReligion() Galicia:Jews,Poles,andUkrainians,–() IndextoVolumes–() TheHolocaustanditsAftermath() JewsinthePolishBorderlands() JewishReligiousLife,–() JewishPopularCultureanditsAfterlife() TheShtetl:MythandReality() JewishWomeninEasternEurope() Polish–JewishRelationsinNorthAmerica() MemorializingtheHolocaust() :FortyYearsAfter() SocialandCulturalBoundariesinPre-ModernPoland() JewsinKraków () JewsandtheirNeighboursinEasternEuropesince () JewsintheFormerGrandDuchyofLithuaniasince () JewsandUkrainians JewsandtheKingdomofPoland‒ POLIN Wedidnotknow,butourfatherstoldushowtheexilesofIsraelcametothelandof Polin(Poland). When Israel saw how its sufferings were constantly renewed, oppressions increased, persecutions multiplied, and how the evil authorities piled decree on decreeandfollowedexpulsionwithexpulsion,sothattherewasnowaytoescape the enemies of Israel, they went out on the road and sought an answer from the paths of the wide world: which is the correct road to traverse to find rest for the soul?Thenapieceofpaperfellfromheaven,andonitthewords: GotoPolaniya(Poland)! SotheycametothelandofPolinandtheygaveamountainofgoldtotheking, and he received them with great honour. And God had mercy on them, so that theyfoundfavourfromthekingandthenobles.Andthekinggavethempermis- siontoresideinallthelandsofhiskingdom,totradeoveritslengthandbreadth, and to serve God according to the precepts of their religion. And the king pro- tectedthemagainsteveryfoeandenemy. And Israel lived in Polin in tranquillity for a long time. They devoted them- selvestotradeandhandicrafts.AndGodsentablessingonthemsothattheywere blessed in the land, and their name was exalted among the peoples. And they tradedwiththesurroundingcountriesandtheyalsostruckcoinswithinscriptions in the holy language and the language of the country. These are the coins which have on them a lion rampant from the right facing left. And on the coins are the words‘Mieszko,KingofPoland’or‘Mieszko,KrólofPoland’.ThePolescalltheir king‘Król’. AndthosewhodelveintotheScripturessay:‘ThisiswhyitiscalledPolin.For thus spoke Israel when they came to the land, “Here rest for the night [Po lin].” And this means that we shall rest here until we are all gathered into the Land of Israel.’ Sincethisisthetradition,weacceptitassuch. . . ,
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