Focus on Physical Science: Grade 8, California PDF
Preview Focus on Physical Science: Grade 8, California
i s e nteractive tudent dition New York, New York Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Peoria, Illinois Woodland Hills, California Science nnlliinnee ca8.msscience.com Check out the following features on your Online Learning Center: Study Tools Extensions • Virtual Labs • • Microscopy Links • Interactive Tables • Periodic Table Links • Interactive Time Line • Career Links • Animated Illustrations • Prescreened Web Links • Lesson Self-Check Quizzes • WebQuest Project • Chapter Test Practice • Science Fair Ideas • Standardized Test Practice • Internet Labs • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker • Interactive Tutor For Teachers • Multilingual Science Glossary • Teacher Bulletin Board • Study to Go Focus On Physical Science • Teaching Today, and much • Online Student Edition more! The Palomar Observatory in north San • BrainPop Movies Diego County is home to many telescopes including the Hale Telescope. The 5.1m Hale Telescope is used nightly for astronomical studies. Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by National Geographic’s Children’s Books and Education Division. Copyright © National Geographic. The name “National Geographic” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-07-879440-7 ISBN-10: 0-07-879440-4 Printed in the United States of America. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 10 09 08 07 Introduction to Investigation and 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Unit 1 Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, Chapter 1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.f, 9.b, 9.d, 9.e, 9.f 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, Chapter 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.f, 9.a, 9.d, 9.g Chapter 3 Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . .126 8.a, 8.b, 8.c, 8.d, 9.f Unit 2 Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Chapter 4 Understanding the Atom . . . . . . . . .170 3.a, 3.f, 7.b, 9.e Chapter 5 Combining Atoms and Molecules .214 3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.f, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Chapter 6 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g Chapter 7 The Periodic Table and Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286 3.f, 5.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Unit 3 Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 3.b, 3.f, 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Chapter 9 Acids and Bases in Solution . . . . . .376 5.e, 7.c, 9.a, 9.b, 9.e Chapter 10 Chemistry of Living Systems . . . . .418 3.c, 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 9.c Unit 4 Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456 Chapter 11 Our Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458 2.g, 4.c, 4.d, 4.e, 9.a, 9.e Chapter 12 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 2.g, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c, 4.d, 9.d iii The California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Physical Science. They helped create the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided content and pedagogical comments, and provided feedback for the Teacher Wraparound Edition. Charles Beecroft Douglas Fisher Patricia Juárez 8th Grade Science Director of Professional Coordinator III Teacher Development Sacramento City Unified Columbia School District CityHeights Educational School District Redding, CA Collaborative Sacramento, CA San Diego, CA Tom Castro Mindi Fisher Kathy Molnar Science Teacher Leadership Team Professional Martinez JHS/ Administrator Development Mentor Martinez USD Peninsula Union School Etiwanda School District Martinez, CA District Etiwanda, CA Samoa, CA Lisa L. Cordes Frederick W.Freking Carol Orton Science Department Faculty Advisor Teacher Chair University of California, Bernardo Heights Rivera Middle School/ Los Angeles Middle School El Rancho USD Los Angeles, CA San Diego, CA Pico Rivera, CA Justin Cunningham Nancy Frey Joycalyn Peoples EdD Associate Professor of Science Specialist Coordinator, Small Literacy Riverside Unified School School District Services San Diego State District San Diego, County Office University Riverside, CA of Education San Diego, CA San Diego, CA Richard Filson Maria C.Grant Wendi L. Rodriguez Science Department Teacher Teacher Chair Hoover High School/ Heritage/Snowline JUSD Edison High School, San Diego City School Phelan, CA Stockton Unified and San Diego State School District University Stockton, CA San Diego, CA Bruce Fisher Patrick Horton Gladys Sorensen Distinguished Teacher Science Teacher Science Department in Residence Day Creek Intermediate Chair Humboldt State School Patrick Henry Middle University Etiwanda, CA School Arcata, CA Grenada Hills, CA Patty Horton Granger B. Ward Professional California Development Provider Superintendent and Etiwanda School District Former Science Teacher iv Etiwanda, CA San Diego, CA Authors Science nnlliinnee Learn more about the authors at ca8.msscience.com. Laurel Dingrando, Jennifer Gonya, PhD Cindy Klevickis, PhD Dinah Zike, MEd MAT Science Content Consultant Professor of Integrated Educational Consultant Secondary Science The Ohio State University Science and Technology Dinah-Might Activities, Coordinator Columbus, OH James Madison University Inc. Garland Independent Harrisonburg, VA San Antonio, TX David G. Haase, PhD School District Garland, TX Professor of Physics and Isaac Turiel, PhD Director of The Science Retired Staff Scientist Douglas Fisher, PhD House Lawrence Berkeley Director of Professional North Carolina State National Laboratory, National Geographic Development and University Berkeley, CA Education Division Professor Raleigh, NC Washington, D.C. Margaret K. Zorn, MS CityHeights Educational Collaborative, San Science Writer Diego State University Yorktown, VA San Diego, CA Series Consultants Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction. Science William B. N. Berry, Alan Gishlick, PhD Monika Kress, PhD Consultants PhD National Center for San Jose State University University of California, Science Education San Jose, CA Richard Allen, PhD Berkeley Oakland, CA Steve Lund, PhD University of California, Berkeley, CA Berkeley Juno Hsu, PhD University of Southern Berkeley, CA Diane Clayton, PhD University of California, California NASA Irvine Los Angeles, CA Karamjeet Arya, PhD Santa Barbara, CA Irvine, CA Michael Manga, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Susan Crawford, PhD Martha Jagucki, MS University of California, California State University Geologist Berkeley Teaster Baird, PhD Sacramento, CA Columbus, OH Berkeley, CA San Francisco State Stephen F. Cunha, PhD Lee Kats, PhD Kate Schafer, PhD University San Francisco, CA Humboldt State University Pepperdine University Aquamarine Research Arcata, CA Malibu, CA Mountain View, CA Natalie Batalha, PhD Jennifer A. Dever, PhD Christopher Kim, PhD Julio G. Soto, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA University of San Francisco Chapman University San Jose State University San Francisco, CA Orange, CA San Jose, CA Robin Bennett, MS Alejandro Garcia, PhD University of Washington Seattle, WA San Jose State University San Jose, CA v Dr. Edward Walton Math Reading Safety California Polytechnical Consultant Consultant Consultant Institute Pomona, CA Grant Fraser, PhD ReLeah Cossett Lent Jeff Vogt, MEd California State Author/Educational Federal Hocking Middle VivianLee Ward University Consultant School National Health Museum Los Angeles, CA Alford, FL Stewart, OH Washington, DC Series Teacher Reviewers Each Teacher Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters, providing feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction. Joel Austin Bret Harrison Lori Poublon-Ramirez Roosevelt Middle School Frank Ledesma Elementary Herman Intermediate School San Francisco, CA Soledad, CA San Jose, CA Nicole Belong Rick Hoffman Martha Romero Coronado Middle School Kastner Intermediate School E. O. Green Junior High School Coronado, CA Fresno, CA Oxnard, CA Patrick Brickey Kimberly Klein Arlene Sackman Lakeview Junior High School Barstow Intermediate School Earlimart Middle School Santa Maria, CA Barstow, CA Earlimart, CA Mary Pilles Bryant David Kulka Rex Scates Henry J. Kaiser High School South Peninsula Hebrew Day Herman Intermediate School Fontana, CA School San Jose, CA Sunnyvale, CA Edward Case Robert Sherriff Washington Academic Middle Christina Lambie Winston Churchill Middle School School Highland Elementary School Carmichael, CA Sanger, CA Richmond, CA Maria MendezSimpson Monaliza Chian Kathleen Magnani School Programs Coordinator/ E. O. Green Junior High School Center Junior High School Birch Aquarium Oxnard, CA Antelope, CA La Jolla, CA Valesca Lopez Dwyer Tara McGuigan Lorre Stange Park View Middle School Monroe Clark Middle School Laytonville Elementary School Yucaipa, CA San Diego, CA Laytonville, CA Kathryn Froman Shelia Patterson Louann Talbert North Davis Elementary School K–12 Alliance-California Laytonville Middle School Davis, CA Oceano, CA Laytonville, CA Brian Gary Sharon Pendola Gina Marie Turcketta Margaret Landell Elementary St. Albans Country Day School St. Joan of Arc School Cypress, CA Roseville, CA Los Angeles, CA Jeanette George-Becker Roosevelt Elementary School San Gabriel, CA vi Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g Whatis science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9.b Tools of the Physical Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g Case Study: Wind Turbines for the Birds . . . .34 9.a, 9.c, 9.f Unit 1 Motion and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Chapter 1 California Standards Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Lesson 1 Determining Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 1.a Lesson 2 Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . .56 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 9.b, 9.f Lesson 3 Graphing Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 1.f, 9.d, 9.e Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82–83 Chapter 2 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Lesson 1 Combining Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 9.g Lesson 2 Types of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 2.d Lesson 3 Unbalanced Forces and Acceleration . . . .106 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 9.a, 9.d Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124–125 Chapter 3 Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Lesson 1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 8.a, 8.b, 9.f Lesson 2 Pressure and the Buoyant Force . . . . . . . .140 8.c Lesson 3 Sinking and Floating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 8.d, 9.f Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164–165 Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Spiny box fish vii Unit 2 Structure of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168 Chapter 4 California Standards Understanding the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Lesson 1 Atoms—Basic Units of Matter . . . . . . . . .174 3.a Lesson 2 Discovering Parts of the Atom . . . . . . . . .182 3.a Lesson 3 Elements, Isotopes, and Ions—How Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 3.f, 7.b, 9.e Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212–213 Chapter 5 Combining Atoms and Molecules . . . . . . . . .214 Lesson 1 How Atoms Form Compounds . . . . . . . .218 3.a, 3.b, 3.f Lesson 2 Forming Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 3.b, 3.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248–249 Atomic force micrograph ofyttrium oxide molecules viii Chapter 6 California Standards States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Lesson 1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 3.d, 3.e Lesson 2 Changes in States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . .261 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284–285 Chapter 7 The Periodic Table and Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Lesson 1 Organization of the Periodic Table . . . . .290 3.f, 7.a Lesson 2 Isotopes and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . .301 7.a, 7.b, 9.e Lesson 3 Physical Properties and Changes . . . . . . .313 5.d, 7.c, 9.a Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328–329 Read on Your Own . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Unit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Unit 3 Chemical Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 Lesson 1 Chemical Properties and Changes . . . . . .338 3.f, 5.a, 7.c Lesson 2 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 3.b, 3.f, 5.b Lesson 3 Energy and Chemical Changes . . . . . . . . .358 5.c, 9.a, 9.e Standards Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374–375 Dry ice sublimating
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