Focal encyclopedia of photography digital imaging,theory & applications,hist PDF
Preview Focal encyclopedia of photography digital imaging,theory & applications,hist
Focal Encyclopedia of Photography PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd ii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4455 PPMM PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4477 PPMM Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science Fourth Edition MICHAEL R. PERES Editor-in-Chief (cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127) AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON (cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127) NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO (cid:127) (cid:127) (cid:127) SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiiiii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4477 PPMM Acquisitions Editor: Diane Heppner Publishing Services Manager: George Morrison Project Manager: Paul Gottehrer Associate Acquisitions Editor: Cara Anderson Assistant Editor: Doug Shults Marketing Manager: Christine Veroulis Degon Cover Design: Heidi Ziskind Interior Design: Shawn Girsberger Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2007, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ((cid:1)44) 1865 843830, fax: ((cid:1)44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 13: 978-0-240-80740-9 ISBN 10: 0-240-80740-5 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com 07 08 09 10 11 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iivv 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4488 PPMM Contents Contributors ix Major Themes and Photographers Photography’s Dependence on Photographers and Image of the 20th Century 177 Equipment 297 Contributors xiii Nancy M. Stuart Michael R. Peres and Greg Barnett About the Editors xix Photography in the 20th Century 179 Profi les of Selected Photographic Mission Statement xxi Nancy M. Stuart Film and Digital Companies 301 Preface xxiii Michael R. Peres Acknowledgments xxvii Photography, Fine Art Photography, and Introduction xxix the Visual Arts: 1900–2001 180 Overviews of Selected Applications Saul Ostrow of Photography 320 Michael R. Peres Timelines 00 Photography and Society in the 20th Century 187 Applications of Advertising Advances in Photographic Gretchen Garner Photography 321 Denis Defi baugh Technology 00 Photography and Desire: Fashion, Michael Peres Glamour, and Pornography 198 Catalog Photography 322 Bruce Checefsky Howard LeVant Advancement of Digital Photography and Related Technologies Photography Programs in the 20th Commercial Photography 323 Timetable 15 Century Museums, Galleries, and George Cochran Roger L. Carter Collections 205 Food Photography 323 Lynne Bentley-Kemp Allan Vogel History and the Evolution of Photographic Higher Education in the Illustration Photography 324 Photography 23 United States 210 George Cochran Nancy M. Stuart Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer Still-Life Photography 324 Photographic Workshops: A Changing Contemporary Thoughts on the Denis Defi baugh Educational Practice 215 History of Photography 25 Christopher Burnett Architectural Photography 325 Grant B. Romer William W. DuBois Magazines: The Photographers’ Press The Technical Evolution of in the United States and Great Britain Corporate Photography 326 Photography in the 19th Century 27 During the Transition Decade of the Kathleen Francis Mark Osterman 1960s 222 Dance and Theater Photography 327 David Brittain Introduction to Photographic Kathleen Francis Equipment, Processes, and Histories, Theories, Criticism 227 Theatrical Photography 329 Defi nitions of the 19th Century 36 Gary Sampson Kathleen Francis Mark Osterman African Americans as Photographers Freelance Photography 330 and Photographic Subjects 234 Introduction to the Biographies of Kathleen Francis David C. Hart Selected Innovators of Photographic Identifi cation Photography 330 Technology 123 Biographies of Selected Kathleen Francis Grant B. Romer Photographers from the 20th Century 239 Industrial Photography 332 Selected Photographs from the Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Kathleen Francis 19th Century 135 Garie Waltzer Landscape Photography 333 Mark Osterman Denis Defi baugh Evolution of the Photographic Lens Photographic Companies and Narrative, Documentary, and Editorial in the 19th Century 157 Applications 295 Photography 334 Milan Zahorcak Michael R. Peres Owen Butler v PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vv 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4488 PPMM vi Contents Orb Photography 337 Color Management in the Future 400 The Pressure to Stay Current 484 Michael R. Peres Jean-Pierre van de Capelle Barry Haynes Panoramic Photography 338 Digital Camera Raw 401 Science as Art 492 Andrew Davidhazy Greg Barnett Michael R. Peres and David Malin Photojournalism 339 Digital Image Processing 403 Scientifi c Photography: Expanded Guenther Cartwright Lukas Rosenthaler Vision 497 Postcard Photography 341 Metadata and Digital David Malin Kathleen Francis Photography 411 The Aided Eye 499 Simon Margulies Portrait Photography 341 David Malin Kathleen Francis Spectral Imaging 418 Acoustic Holography 501 Mitchell R. Rosen School Photography 344 David Malin Thomas Gorman Creative Applications of Digital Photography, the Aerial Photography 501 Snapshot Photography 346 Scan-O-Gram 422 David Malin and Donald L. Light Richard Zakia Patti Russotti Anthropological Photography 504 Sports Photography 349 Glossary of Digital Terminology 425 John Fergus-Jean Kathleen Francis Archaeological Photography 506 Stock Photography 350 Matt Schlitz Henry Schleichkorn Contemporary Issues 437 J. Tomas Lopez Astrophotography 508 Wedding Photography 353 David Malin and Dennis di Cicco George Schaub A Different Set of Questions for a New Age 439 Autoradiography 513 J. Tomas Lopez David Malin Digital Photography 355 Academic and Pedagogical Issues: Ballistics Photography 513 Franziska S. Frey The Impact of Digital Imaging on Peter W.W. Fuller Photographic Education 441 Digital, a Maturing Technology 357 Biological Photography 518 Margaret P. Evans Franziska S. Frey Joseph M. Ogrodnick Ethical Photojournalism: Its Digital Archiving 359 Botanical Photography 521 Authenticity and Impact 446 Lukas Rosenthaler Paul Harcourt-Davis John Kaplan Imaging Systems 364 Cave Photography 523 The Future of Publishing 453 Romano Padeste David Malin Millard Schisler Solid State Imaging Sensors 370 Chronophotography 524 100 Years from Now… 456 Michael Kriss Andrew Davidhazy Daniel Burge Standards and Imaging Darkfi eld Illumination 526 Perception, Evidence, Truth, and Materials 372 David Malin Seeing 460 Peter Adelstein Richard Zakia Dental Photography 527 Digital Camera Testing 377 Wolfgang Bengel The Photo Marketplace and Dietmar Wüller Contemporary Image Makers 469 Electron Imaging 529 Image Formation 382 Daile Kaplan Richard Zakia and Dougal G. McCulloch Sabine Süsstrunk The Photographic Studio of the 21st Electron Microscopy 529 Colorimetry 388 Century 471 Dougal G. McCulloch Sabine Süsstrunk Doug Manchee Endoscopic Photography 532 Color Spaces, Color Encodings, and Photographic Virtual Reality 477 Andrew Paul Gardner Color Image Encodings 394 John (Craig) Freeman False-Color Photography 533 Sabine Süsstrunk Potlatch, Auction, and the In-between: David Malin Color Management 398 Digital Art and Digital Audiences 480 Fluorescence Photography 533 Sabine Süsstrunk A.D. Coleman David Malin PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vvii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4499 PPMM Contents vii Forensic Photography 535 Photomicrography 592 From Exposure to Print: The Essentials Gale Spring Michael W. Davidson, Scott Olenych, and of Solver-Halide Photography Required Nathan Claxton for Long-Lasting, High Quality Geological Photography 537 Prints 664 Anthony H. Cooper Police Photography 602 Ralph W. Lambrecht Larry S. Miller High-Speed Cinematography 539 Color Photography 692 Peter W.W. Fuller Pseudocolor 604 Jon A. Kapecki David Malin High-Speed Still Photography 544 Silver Dye-Bleach Photography 700 Peter W.W. Fuller Remote Sensing 604 Matthias Schellenberg, Ernst Riolo, and Nicholas M. Short, David Malin, and Donald Hologram 551 Hartmut Blaue L. Light Sean Johnston Photographic Optics 711 Schlieren and Shadowgraph Holographic Interferometry 551 Terrance Kessler Photography 610 Sean Johnston Phred Petersen Additional Lens Types 724 Holography 551 Michael R. Peres Scientifi c Visualization 612 Sean Johnston Masahiro Takatsuka Some Other Filter Types 727 Hypersensitization 554 Michael R. Peres Space Photography 614 David Malin Paul E. Lowman Perspective 728 Image Manipulation: Science Fact or Leslie Stroebel Streak and Strip Photography 616 Fiction 555 Phred Petersen and Andrew Davidhazy Photometry, Radiometry, and David Malin Measurement 733 Technical Photography 620 Infrared Photography 556 Carl Salvaggio Ted Kinsman Andy Finney Color Theory 742 Time-Lapse Photography 622 Kirilian Photography 562 Mitchell R. Rosen David Malin David Malin Color Measurement 747 Underwater Photography 623 Medical Diagnostic Imaging 563 David R. Wyble Eric H. Cheng Donald McRobbie Twentieth Century Photographic Medical Photography 569 Lighting 753 Human Vision 627 Staffan Larsson and Jonas Brane Jon Tarrant Krystel R. Huxlin Military Photography 573 The Camera Defi ned 770 The Human Visual System 629 John Sidoriak Bob Rose Krystel R. Huxlin Multispectral Imaging 575 The History of the Twentieth Century David Malin Camera 771 20th Century Materials and Bob Rose, Todd Gustavson, and Nature Photography 576 Process Essentials 637 Hiroshi Yano Peter Eastaway Scott Williams Enlargers 788 Night-Time and Twilight Twentieth Century Materials and Bob Rose Photography 577 Process Essentials 639 David Malin Projection 803 Scott Williams Bob Rose Nuclear Track Recording 580 Silver Halide Materials: General David Malin Emulsion Properties 641 Index 807 Ophthalmic Photography 580 Alan Hodgson Christye P. Sisson Black and White Films and Photogrammetry 583 Papers 649 Cliff Ogleby Mike Gristwood Photomacrography and Close-Up The Chemistry of Developers and the Photography 584 Development Processes 654 Michael R. Peres and John G. Delly Scott Williams PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4499 PPMM PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiiiii 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4499 PPMM Contributors Denis Defi baugh Peter Adelstein, Ph.D. Roger L. Carter Associate Professor Senior Research Associate webmaster Advertising Photography Image Permanence Institute www.digitalcamhistory.com School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Xenia, Ohio, USA Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York, USA Guenther Cartwright Rochester, New York, USA Greg Barnett Associate Professor Dennis di Cicco Operations Manager Photojournalism College of Imaging Arts and Sciences School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Senior Editor Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Sky Publishing Corp. Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Wolfgang Bengel, DDS Bruce Checefsky William W. DuBois Imaging Consultant and Private Dentist Director Professor and Chair Bensheim, Germany Reinberger Galleries Photographic Arts The Cleveland Institute of Art School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Lynne Bentley-Kemp, Ph.D. Cleveland, Ohio, USA Rochester Institute of Technology Head of Photography Rochester, New York, USA Florida Keys Community College Eric H. Cheng Key West, Florida, USA Underwater Photographer Peter Eastaway, Hon. FAIPP, FAIPP Oakland, California, USA Magazine Publisher and Professional Hartmut Blaue Photographer Ilford Imaging Switzerland GmbH Nathan Claxton Collaroy Beach, New South Wales, Australia Marly, Switzerland National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Margaret P. Evans Jonas Brane Tallahassee, Florida, USA Associate Professor Scientifi c and Technical Photography Photographer A. D. Coleman Communication/Journalism Department Shippensburg University Mölle, Sweden Independent Photography Critic, Historian, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA and Curator David Brittain Staten Island, New York, USA John Fergus-Jean AHRC Research Fellow http://photocritic.com Associate Professor Manchester Metropolitan University Anthony H. Cooper, Ph. D. Media Studies Manchester, London, United Kingdom District Geologist Yorkshire and Columbus College of Art and Design Owen Butler The Humber Columbus, Ohio, USA Associate Professor Karst Geohazard Specialist Andy Finney School of Photographic Arts and Sciences British Geological Survey Rochester Institute of Technology Keyworth, Nottingham, United Kingdom Invisible Imaging Expert Rochester, New York, USA Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Limited Andrew Davidhazy Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom Daniel Burge Professor Research Scientist Imaging and Photographic Technology John (Craig) Freeman Image Permanence Institute School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Associate Professor Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Emerson College Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Boston, Massachusetts, USA www.rit.edu/~andpph Christopher Burnett Franziska S. Frey, Ph.D. Director Michael W. Davidson McGhee Distinguished Professor Visual Studies Workshop National High Magnetic Field Laboratory School of Print Media Rochester, New York, USA Florida State University Rochester Institute of Technology http://vsw.org Tallahassee, Florida, USA Rochester, New York, USA ix PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iixx 11//1199//0077 33::3366::4499 PPMM
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