Fluorescence Studies on Biological Membranes

479 Pages·1988·11.866 MB·English

by  B. Wieb Van der Meer (auth.), H. J. Hilderson (eds.)

Subcellular
Biochemistry
13
Volume
Fluorescence Studies on
Biological Membranes
SERIES EDITOR
J. R. HARRIS, North East Thames Regional Transfusion Centre, Brentwood,
Essex, England
ASSISTANT EDITORS
H. J. HILDERSON, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
J. J. M. BERGERON, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD
J. L. AVILA, Institutode Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
B. B. BISWAS, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
N. BORGESE, CNR Center for Pharmacological Study, Milan, Italy
M. J. COSTELLO, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
N. CRAWFORD, Royal College of Surgeons, London, England
C. de DUVE, International Institute of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Brussels, Belgium
A.-H. ETEMADI, University of Paris VI, Paris, France
W. H. EVANS, National Institute for Medical Research, London, England
H. GLAUMANN, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
D. R. HEADON, University College Galway, Galway, Ireland
P. L. J(Z)RGENSEN, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
J. KIM, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
J. B. LLOYD, University of Keele, Keele, England
J. A. LUCY, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, England
A. H. MADDY, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
A. MONNERON, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
D.J. MORRE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
M. OSBORNE, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, G6ttingen, FRG
P. QUINN, King's College London, London, England
G. RALSTON, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
S. ROTTEM, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
M. R. J. SALTON, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
G. SCHATTEN, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
F. S. SJOSTRAND, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
T. TAKAHASHI, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
G. B. WARREN, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, England
F. WUNDERLICH, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, FRG
G. ZAMPIGHI, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
I. B. ZBARSKY, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR
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Subcellular
Biochemistry
13
Volume
Fluorescence Studies on
Biological Membranes
Edited by
H. J. Hilderson
University of Antwerp
Antwerp, Belgium
Series Editor
J. R. Harris
North East Thames Regional Transfusion Centre
Brentwood, Essex, England
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the fust volume of this title as follows:
SulH:ellular biochemistry.
London, New York, Plenum Press.
v. illus. 23 cm. quarterly.
Began with Sept. 1971 issue. Cf. New serial titles.
1. Cytochemistry - Periodicals. 2. Cell organelles - Periodicals.
QH611.S84 574.8'76 73-643479
ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9361-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-9359-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9359-7
This series is a continuation of the journal Sub-Cellular Biochemistry,
Volumes 1 to 4 of which were published quarterly from 1972 to 1975
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Edward Blatt Division of Applied Organic Chemistry, CSIRO, Melbourne,
Victoria 3001, Australia
Robert Blumenthal National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Nor Chejanovsky Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Je
rusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Jeffrey Clarke Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of
Basic Life Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-
2499
Hugo Depauw RUCA-Laboratory for Human Biochemistry, University of
Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Marc De Wolf RUCA-Laboratory for Human Biochemistry, University of
Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Wilfried Dierick RUCA-Laboratory for Human Biochemistry, University of
Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Jacques Gallay Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du Rayonnement Electro
magnetique (L.U.R.E.)-CNRS-CEA-MEN, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405
Orsay-Cedex, France
Jose-Carlos Garcia-Borron Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemis
try, School of Basic Life Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City,
Missouri 64110-2499
Jose-Manuel Gonzalez-Ros Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemis
try, School of Basic Life Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City,
Missouri 64110-2499
Josef Gut Stanford University, Stanford, California 94025
Herwig Hilderson RUCA-Laboratory for Human Biochemistry, University
of Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
v
vi Contributors
Akira Ikegami Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Sai
tama 351-01, Japan
Kazuhiko Kinosita, Jr. Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako
shi, Saitama 351-01, Japan
Tsutomu Kouyama Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi,
Saitama 351-01, Japan
Barbara C. Kunz National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205
Albert Lagrou RUCA-Laboratory for Human Biochemistry, University of
Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Joseph R. Lakowicz Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medi
cine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Abraham Loyter Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jeru
salem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Marino Martinez-Carrion Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry,
School of Basic Life Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Mis
souri 64110-2499
Ofer Nussbaum Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jeru
salem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
P. Proulx Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health
Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
Christoph Richter Laboratory of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
William H. Sawyer Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University
of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
Elsie M. B. Sorensen Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College
of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
Hisako Urabe Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Sai
tama 351-01, Japan
Wim J. van Blitterswijk Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands
Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek-Huis, 1066CX Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
B. Wieb Van der Meer Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western
Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101
Guido Van Dessel VIA-Laboratory for Pathological Biochemistry, University
of Antwerp, B2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Contributors vii
Michel Vincent Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du Rayonnement Electro
magnetique (L.U.R.E.)-CNRS-CEA-MEN, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405
Orsay-Cedex, France
Preface
As stated by its first editor, Dr. D. B. Roodyn, the primary goal of the series
Subcellular Biochemistry is to achieve an integrated view of the cell by bringing
together results from a wide range of different techniques and disciplines.
This volume deals with the applications of fluorescence spectroscopy to
membrane research. It seeks to present complementary biochemical and bio
physical data on both the structure and the dynamics of biological membranes.
Biophysics and biochemistry are improving more and more in their ability to
study biomembranes, overlapping somewhat in this area and explaining the
functioning of the whole cell in terms of the properties of its individual com
ponents. Therefore, we have brought together an international group of experts
in order to report on and review advances in fluorescence studies on biological
membranes, thereby highlighting subcellular aspects.
The first chapters present a critical evaluation of the current applications
of dynamic and steady-state fluorescence techniques. Subsequent chapters dis
cuss more specific applications in cells, biological membranes, and their con
stituents (lipids, proteins).
This volume opens with a chapter by B. Wieb Van der Meer addressing
two questions: (1) What are the relevant parameters that describe membrane
structure and dynamics? (2) What are the various fluorescence techniques for
measuring these parameters? After updating our knowledge of the theoretical
aspects and providing a critical evaluation of examples giving insight into the
physical state, composition, and functions of membranes, the author concludes
that fluorescence can often only demonstrate a correlation between a physical
and a functional parameter. By showing the way of thinking that must be fol
lowed by everyone working in this area, this chapter becomes a must for those
starting research in this field.
If, however, the reader is discouraged by a more physical treatment of the
subject, he or she is referred to Chapter 2, by Kazuhiko Kinosita, Jr., and Akira
Ikegami, dealing with the optical anisotropy decay method (in particular, fluo
rescence depolarization and absorption and phosphorescence anisotropy decay).
As a less theoretical and more visual description of the interactions in bio-
ix
x Preface
membranes, DNA, and actin and myosin filaments, this chapter can serve as
an introduction. The aim of the authors is not to be exhaustive but rather to
explain what can be learned from optical anisotropy decay. According to them,
it is a powerful means of studying the structure of a key molecule incorporated
into a higher-order structure. They conclude that "molecular machines" work
ing in living organisms appear to be highly flexible and that the whole machine,
as well as its parts, undergoes continual fluctuations.
Time-resolved data are usually obtained by measurements of the time
dependent emission from samples excited with brief pulses of light. In Chapter
3, Joseph R. Lakowicz describes an alternative method in which the time
resolved emission is determined from the frequency response of the emission to
intensity-modulated light. The examples include the resolution of closely spaced
lifetimes, measurement of complex decays of fluorescence anisotropy, and cal
culation of time-resolved emission spectra from the wavelength-dependent fre
quency of the sample. A new application is described by which the distribution
of distances between two sites on a flexible molecule can be recovered. Ac
cording to the author, correlation times as short as 8 psec can be measured.
An excellent and profound review of the use of probes to study the effects
of sterols and unsaturation on the lipid order parameter in biomembranes has
been written by Michel Vincent and Jacques Gallay. In Chapter 4, the authors
focus on the use of pulse fluorescence anisotropy techniques to investigate the
effect of cholesterol and its derivatives on membrane lipid order and dynamics.
Fluorescence lifetimes are extremely sensitive to the environment, but until
recently they were very difficult to interpret with certainty. Very recent analysis
methods (the maximum entropy method) are expected to allow a precise de
scription of the multiexponential behavior of the total fluorescence decay in
terms of a continuous distribution of excited-state lifetimes. The authors believe
that the advent of such a powerful tool calls for a systematic reevaluation of
probe behavior in membranes and other systems.
Fluorescence polarization results also provide valuable insights into ion
membrane interactions. Based on a recognition of the inherent limitations of
fluorescence polarization procedures, Elsie M. B. Sorensen summarizes in Chapter
5 a portion of the scientific data base on ion-membrane interactions. The prev
alence of reported studies on calcium-induced alterations of membrane fluidity
results in our having more data for calcium than for other ions. From this study
ratios of ions appear to be important, as does ionic charge, ionic radius, and
binding affinity to the components of the plasma membrane. The author con
cludes that much research remains to be done to elucidate the interactions of a
complex mixture of extracellular ions with plasma membranes. Moreover, ionic
interactions with the internal surface of the phospholipid bilayer might prove to
be as important as those with the external surface.
Preface xi
In Chapter 6, Hugo Depauw et al. apply fluorescence polarization proce
dures to the study of the fluidity of thyroid plasma membranes, bringing together
biophysical methods and subcellular biochemistry. The isolation of enriched
plasma membrane fractions and subfractions is described. From reconstitution
experiments, it becomes clear that both lipids and proteins display a major effect
on thyroid membrane fluidity, SDPH being mainly affected by neutral lipids and
Ddiff being more sensitive to proteins. The authors demonstrate that adenylate
cyclase activity can be modulated by manipulating the plasma membrane com
position (incorporation of phospholipids, gangliosides, dolichol and derivatives,
membrane-perturbing drugs). In this respect they claim that there is not always
a parallel effect of drugs on bilayer fluidity and adenylate cyclase stimulation.
In Chapter 7, Akira Ikegami et al. describe a spectroscopic analysis of the
structure of bacteriorhodopsin using the fluorescence energy transfer technique
and polarized resonance Raman scattering. The application of x-ray crystallo
graphic analysis to the study of membrane proteins is restricted, since the crys
tallization of the proteins is prevented by their hydrophobic nature. The authors
thus turned to these methods in a new attempt to determine the three-dimensional
location and orientation of the retinal chromophore in intact purple membrane.
They also estimated the location of Lys-41 using fluorescence depolarization
and predicted from free-energy calculations seven amino acid sequences corre
sponding to seven transmembrane a-helixes. Finally, they estimated possible
folding of the polypeptide chain of bacteriorhodopsin in the purple membrane.
As the visual pigment rhodopsin is considered a prototype of a G-protein-linked
receptor (1. L. Marx, 1987, Science 238:615-616), the elucidation of its struc
ture and function in different organs and membranes is now of major importance.
Another group of proteins studied in native membranes is the liver micro
somal monoxygenase system (Chapter 8). Christoph Richter et al. give an ex
tensive review of the literature and their own work. Mter highlighting the
biophysical consequences of lipid peroxidation and the mobility of membrane
bound cytochrome P-450 (as studied by delayed fluorescence polarization and
fluorescence recovery after photobleaching using fluorescently labeled P-450),
the rotational mobility and structure of the free and membrane-bound molecule
are described. The authors also focus on the structure of NADPH-cytochrome
P-450 reductase and the interactions of cytochrome P-450 reductase, as well as
on lipid-protein interactions as studied by DPH fluorescence anisotropy.
Chapter 9 by P. Proulx is devoted to some of the numerous applications
of fluorescence spectroscopy to the study of prokaryotic membranes. Using
a large number of examples the author shows how this technique, applied in a
coordinated manner with other physical techniques, provides useful information
on the physical state of the membrane and helps define the molecular interactions
that form the basis for the membrane structure. Particular attention is given to