Fluid-structure interactions : cross-flow-induced instabilities

414 Pages·2010·5.263 MB·English

by  M P Paidoussis, Stuart Price, Emmanuel de Langre

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FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS
Structuresincontactwithfluidflow,whethernaturalorman-made,areinev-
itablysubjecttoflow-inducedforcesandflow-inducedvibration:fromplant
leavestotrafficsignsandtomoresubstantialstructures,suchasbridgedecks
and heat exchanger tubes. Under certain conditions the vibration may be
self-excited,anditisusuallyreferredtoasaninstability.Theseinstabilities
and,morespecifically,theconditionsunderwhichtheyariseareofgreatim-
portancetodesignersandoperatorsofthesystemsconcernedbecauseofthe
significant potential to cause damage in the short term. Such flow-induced
instabilities are the subject of this book. In particular, the flow-induced in-
stabilities treated in this book are associated with cross-flow, that is, flow
normal to the long axis of the structure, although the book does not aim
tocovereverypossibletype.Insteadittreatsaspecificsetofproblemsthat
arefundamentallyandtechnologicallyimportant:galloping,vortex-shedding
oscillationsunderlock-inconditions,andrain-and-wind-inducedvibrations,
amongothers.Theemphasisthroughoutisonprovidingaphysicaldescription
ofthephenomenathatisasclearandup-to-dateaspossible.
MichaelP.Pa¨ıdoussisisaMechanicalEngineeringprofessoratMcGillUni-
versity.HeisaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofCanada,theCanadianAcademy
ofEngineering,theCanadianSocietyforMechanicalEngineering(CSME),
theInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers(IMechE),theAmericanSocietyof
MechanicalEngineers(ASME),andtheAmericanAcademyofMechanics
(AAM).ProfessorPa¨ıdoussisisthefoundingeditoroftheJournalofFluids
andStructures.Hisprincipalresearchinterestsareinfluid-structureinterac-
tions,flow-inducedvibrations,aero-andhydroelasticity,dynamics,nonlinear
dynamics,andchaos.
StuartJ.PriceisaMechanicalEngineeringprofessoratMcGillUniversity.His
researchisfocusedonthedynamicsandstabilityofstructuresexposedtoa
fluidflow.Thetopicsstudiedareinspiredby,andoftendirectlyrelatedto,real
engineering problems – for example, heat exchangers, offshore structures,
overheadtransmissionlines,andaircraftstructures.
EmmanueldeLangreisaprofessorofMechanicsinE´colePolytechnique.He
isanassociateeditoroftheJournalofFluidsandStructures.Hehasworked
asanengineerintheFrenchnuclearindustry.Hisprincipalresearchinterests
areinfluid-structureinteractionsandvibrationsofengineeringsystems,such
asheatexchangersandunderwateroffshorerisers,butalsoofnaturalsystems
suchascropsandtreesmovingunderwindload.

Fluid-Structure Interactions
CROSS-FLOW-INDUCED INSTABILITIES
Michael P. Pa¨ıdoussis
McGillUniversity
Stuart J. Price
McGillUniversity
Emmanuel de Langre
E´colePolytechnique
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,
Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521119429
(cid:1)C MichaelP.Pa¨ıdoussis,StuartJ.Price,andEmmanueldeLangre2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Pa¨ıdoussis,M.P.
Fluid-structureinteractions:cross-flow-inducedinstabilities/MichaelPa¨ıdoussis,StuartPrice,Em-
manueldeLangre.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-521-11942-9
1.Fluid-structureinteraction. 2.Unsteadyflow(Fluiddynamics) I.Price,Stuart,1951– II.Langre,
Emmanuelde,1958–. III.Title.
TA356.5.F58P346 2010
624.1(cid:2)7–dc22
2010031766
ISBN978-0-521-11942-9Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal
orthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontent
onsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Preface pageix
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 GeneralOverview 1
1.2 ConceptsandMechanisms 3
1.2.1 Self-excitedoscillationsandinstabilities 4
1.2.2 Arganddiagramsandbifurcations 8
1.2.3 Energyconsiderations 12
1.3 Notation 13
1.4 ContentsoftheBook 14
2 PrismsinCross-Flow–Galloping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 IntroductoryComments 15
2.2 TheMechanismofGalloping 19
2.2.1 Thelinearthresholdofgalloping 20
2.2.2 Nonlinearaspects 24
2.3 FurtherWorkonTranslationalGalloping 30
2.3.1 Theeffectofsectionalshape 30
2.3.2 Novak’s“universalresponsecurve”andcontinuous
structures 38
2.3.3 Unsteadyeffectsandanalyticalmodels 43
2.3.4 Somecommentsontheflowfield 45
2.3.5 Shear-layerreattachment 49
2.4 Low-SpeedGalloping 50
2.5 PrismsandCylinderswithaSplitterPlate 55
2.6 WakeBreathingandStreamwiseOscillation 62
2.6.1 Wakebreathingofthefirsttype 62
2.6.2 Wakebreathingofthesecondtype 64
2.7 TorsionalGalloping 66
2.7.1 Generalcomments 66
2.7.2 Linearquasi-steadyanalysis 67
2.7.3 Nonlinearquasi-steadyanalysis 70
v
vi Contents
2.7.4 Disqualificationofquasi-steadytheory 72
2.7.5 Unsteadytheory 75
2.8 Multi-Degree-of-FreedomGalloping 77
2.8.1 Quasi-steadymodels 77
2.8.2 Unsteadymodels 81
2.9 TurbulenceandShearEffects 81
2.10ConjointGallopingandVortexShedding 86
2.11ElongatedandBridge-DeckSections 90
2.12ConcludingRemarks 102
3 Vortex-InducedVibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1 ElementaryCase 105
3.2 Two-DimensionalVIVPhenomenology 108
3.2.1 Bluff-bodywakeinstability 110
3.2.2 Wakeinstabilityofafixedcylinder 112
3.2.3 Wakeofacylinderforcedtomove 115
3.2.4 Cylinderfreetomove 120
3.3 ModellingVortex-InducedVibrations 124
3.3.1 Aclassificationofmodels 124
3.3.2 TypeA:Forcedsystemmodels 127
3.3.3 TypeB:Fluidelasticsystemmodels 129
3.3.4 TypeC:Coupledsystemmodels 132
3.4 AdvancedAspects 139
3.4.1 Theissueofaddedmass 139
3.4.2 Fromsectionaltothree-dimensionalVIV 146
3.4.3 VIVofnoncircularcross-sections 149
3.4.4 Summaryandconcludingremarks 153
4 Wake-InducedInstabilitiesofPairsandSmallGroupsofCylinders. . .155
4.1 TheMechanisms 155
4.1.1 Modifiedquasi-steadytheory 156
4.1.2 Thedamping-controlledmechanism 157
4.1.3 Thewake-fluttermechanism 158
4.2 Wake-InducedFlutterofTransmissionLines 160
4.2.1 Analysisforafixedwindwardconductor 162
4.2.2 Analysisforamovingwindwardconductor 183
4.2.3 Three-dimensionaleffectsandapplicationtoreal
transmissionlines 192
4.3 FluidelasticInstabilityofOffshoreRisers 195
4.3.1 Experimentalevidencefortheexistenceoffluidelastic
instabilityinriserbundles 196
4.3.2 Analyticalmodels 200
5 FluidelasticInstabilitiesinCylinderArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.1 Description,Background,Repercussions 215
5.2 TheMechanisms 220
5.2.1 Thedamping-controlledone-degree-of-freedom
mechanism 220
Contents vii
5.2.2 Staticdivergenceinstability 223
5.2.3 Thestiffness-controlledwake-fluttermechanism 224
5.2.4 Dependenceofthewake-fluttermechanismonmechanical
damping 227
5.2.5 Wake-flutterstabilityboundariesforcylinderrows 229
5.2.6 Concludingremarks 230
5.3 FluidelasticInstabilityModels 232
5.3.1 Jet-switchmodel 232
5.3.2 Quasi-staticmodels 235
5.3.3 Unsteadymodels 239
5.3.4 Semi-analyticalmodels 249
5.3.5 Quasi-steadymodels 254
5.3.6 Computationalfluid-dynamicmodels 261
5.3.7 Nonlinearmodels 265
5.3.8 Nonuniformflow 270
5.4 ComparisonoftheModels 274
5.4.1 ExperimentalsupportforandagainstConnors’equation 275
5.4.2 Comparisonoftheoreticalmodelswithexperimentaldata 277
5.4.3 Stateoftheart 287
6 OvallingInstabilitiesofShellsinCross-Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
6.1 AHistoricalPerspective 291
6.2 TheVortex-SheddingHypothesis 293
6.3 OvallingwithNoPeriodicVortexShedding 296
6.3.1 Pa¨ıdoussisandHelleur’s1979experiments 296
6.3.2 Insearchofanewcause 302
6.4 FurtherEvidenceContradictingVortex-SheddingHypothesis 304
6.4.1 Furtherexperimentswithcantileveredshells 304
6.4.2 Experimentswithclamped-clampedshells 307
6.5 CounterattackbytheVortex-SheddingProponentsandRebuttal 311
6.5.1 The“peakofresonance”argument 311
6.5.2 Havesplitterplatesbeenineffectual? 312
6.5.3 De´nouement 313
6.6 SimpleAeroelastic-FlutterModel 314
6.6.1 Equationsofmotionandboundaryconditions 315
6.6.2 Solutionoftheequations 317
6.6.3 Theoreticalresultsandcomparisonwithexperiment 319
6.7 AThree-DimensionalFlutterModel 322
6.7.1 Themodelandmethodsofsolution 323
6.7.2 Theoreticalresults 327
6.7.3 Comparisonwithexperiment 329
6.7.4 Improvementstothetheory 331
6.8 AnEnergy-TransferAnalysis 334
6.9 AnotherVariantoftheAeroelastic-FlutterModel 338
6.9.1 Thefluttermodel 338
6.9.2 Typicalresults 340
6.9.3 AnempiricalrelationshipforU 342
thr
6.10ConcludingRemarks 344
viii Contents
7 Rain-and-Wind-InducedVibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
7.1 ExperimentalEvidence 345
7.1.1 Fieldcases 345
7.1.2 Wind-tunnelexperiments 346
7.2 ModellingRainwaterRivulets 348
7.2.1 Developmentofrivulets 348
7.2.2 Tearingofrivulets 349
7.3 VIV,GallopingandDragCrisis 351
7.4 Yamaguchi’sModel:ACylinder-Rivulet-CoupledInstability 354
7.5 ConcludingRemarks 355
Epilogue 357
AppendixA TheMultipleScalesMethod 359
AppendixB MeasurementofModalDampingfortheShellsUsed
inOvallingExperiments 361
References 365
Index 397