Fluid mechanics By Cengel and Cimbala

956 Pages·2012·23.39 MB·English

F L U I D M E C H A N I C S
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
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F L U I D M E C H A N I C S
FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
YUNUS A.
ÇENGEL
Department of
Mechanical
Engineering
University of Nevada,
Reno
JOHN M.
CIMBALA
Department of
Mechanical and
Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania
State University
FLUID MECHANICS:FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Çengel,Yunus A.
Fluid mechanics :fundamentals and applications / Yunus A. Çengel,John M. Cimbala.—1st ed.
p. cm.—(McGraw-Hill series in mechanical engineering)
ISBN 0–07–247236–7
1. Fluid dynamics. I. Cimbala,John M. II. Title. III. Series.
TA357.C43 2006
620.1'06—dc22 2004058767
CIP
www.mhhe.com
Dedication
To all students—In hopes of enhancing your desire
and enthusiasm to explore the inner workings of our
marvelous universe, of which fluid mechanics is a
small but fascinating part; our hope is that this book
enhances your love of learning, not only about fluid
mechanics, but about life.
A A
B O U T T H E U T H O R S
Yunus A. Çengel
is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at
the University of Nevada,Reno. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineer-
ing from Istanbul Technical University and his M.S. and Ph.D. in mechanical
engineering from North Carolina State University. His research areas are
renewable energy, desalination, exergy analysis, heat transfer enhancement,
radiation heat transfer,and energy conservation. He served as the director of
the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno,
from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of engineering students to numerous
manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to do industrial
assessments,and has prepared energy conservation,waste minimization,and
productivity enhancement reports for them.
Dr. Çengel is the coauthor of the widely adopted textbook Thermodynam-
ics:An Engineering Approach,4th edition(2002),published by McGraw-Hill.
He is also the author of the textbook Heat Transfer:A Practical Approach,2nd
edition (2003), and the coauthor of the textbook Fundamentals of Thermal-
Fluid Sciences,2nd edition (2005),both published by McGraw-Hill. Some of
his textbooks have been translated to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Spanish,
Turkish,Italian,and Greek.
Dr. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he
has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excel-
lence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000.
Dr. Çengel is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Nevada,and
is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and
the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
John M. Cimbala
is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The Penn-
sylvania State Univesity, University Park. He received his B.S. in Aerospace
Engineering from Penn State and his M.S. in Aeronautics from the California
Institute of Technology (CalTech). He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics from
CalTech in 1984 under the supervision of Professor Anatol Roshko,to whom
he will be forever grateful. His research areas include experimental and com-
putational fluid mechanics and heat transfer,turbulence,turbulence modeling,
turbomachinery,indoor air quality,and air pollution control. During the aca-
demic year 1993–94,Professor Cimbala took a sabbatical leave from the Uni-
versity and worked at NASA Langley Research Center,where he advanced his
knowledge of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and turbulence modeling.
Dr. Cimbala is the coauthor of the textbook Indoor Air Quality Engineer-
ing:Environmental Health and Control of Indoor Pollutants(2003),published
by Marcel-Dekker,Inc. He has also contributed to parts of other books,and is
the author or co-author of dozens of journal and conference papers. More
information can be found at www.mne.psu.edu/cimbala.
Professor Cimbala is the recipient of several outstanding teaching awards
and views his book writing as an extension of his love of teaching. He is a
member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA),the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),the American Society for
Engineering Education (ASEE),and the American Physical Society (APS).
B C
R I E F O N T E N T S
C H A P T E R O N E
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1
C H A P T E R T W O
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35
C H A P T E R T H R E E
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65
C H A P T E R F O U R
FLUID KINEMATICS 121
C H A P T E R F I V E
MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 171
C H A P T E R S I X
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 227
C H A P T E R S E V E N
DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING 269
C H A P T E R E I G H T
FLOW IN PIPES 321
C H A P T E R N I N E
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW 399
C H A P T E R T E N
APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION 471
C H A P T E R E L E V E N
FLOW OVER BODIES: DRAG AND LIFT 561
C H A P T E R T W E LV E
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 611
C H A P T E R T H I RT E E N
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW 679
C H A P T E R F O U RT E E N
TURBOMACHINERY 735
C H A P T E R F I F T E E N
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS 817
C
O N T E N T S
Preface xv Application Spotlight:What Nuclear Blasts and
Raindrops Have in Common 31
Summary 30
C H A P T E R O N E
References and Suggested Reading 30
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 Problems 32
1–1 Introduction 2 C H A P T E R T W O
What Is a Fluid? 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 35
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics 4
1–2 The No-Slip Condition 6
2–1 Introduction 36
1–3 A Brief History of Fluid Mechanics 7
Continuum 36
1–4 Classification of Fluid Flows 9
2–2 Density and Specific Gravity 37
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow 9
Density of Ideal Gases 38
Internal versus External Flow 10
Compressible versus Incompressible Flow 10 2–3 Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 39
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 11 2–4 Energy and Specific Heats 41
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow 11
Steady versus Unsteady Flow 11 2–5 Coefficient of Compressibility 42
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows 12
Coefficient of Volume Expansion 44
1–5 System and Control Volume 14
2–6 Viscosity 46
1–6 Importance of Dimensions and Units 15
2–7 Surface Tension and Capillary Effect 51
Some SI and English Units 16
Capillary Effect 53
Dimensional Homogeneity 18
Unity Conversion Ratios 20 Summary 55
References and Suggested Reading 56
1–7 Mathematical Modeling of Engineering
Problems 21 Application Spotlight:Cavitation 57
Modeling in Engineering 21 Problems 58
1–8 Problem-Solving Technique 22
C H A P T E R T H R E E
Step 1: Problem Statement 22
Step 2: Schematic 23
PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS 65
Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations 23
Step 4: Physical Laws 23
Step 5: Properties 23 3–1 Pressure 66
Step 6: Calculations 23
Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion 23 Pressure at a Point 67
Variation of Pressure with Depth 68
1–9 Engineering Software Packages 24
3–2 The Manometer 71
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 25
FLUENT 26 Other Pressure Measurement Devices 74
1–10 Accuracy,Precision,and Significant Digits 26 3–3 The Barometer and Atmospheric Pressure 75
3–4 Introduction to Fluid Statics 78
ix
CONTENTS
3–5 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane C H A P T E R F I V E
Surfaces 79
MASS, BERNOULLI, AND ENERGY
Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 82
EQUATIONS 171
3–6 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved
Surfaces 85
5–1 Introduction 172
3–7 Buoyancy and Stability 89
Conservation of Mass 172
Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 92 Conservation of Momentum 172
3–8 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion 95 Conservation of Energy 172
5–2 Conservation of Mass 173
Special Case 1: Fluids at Rest 96
Special Case 2: Free Fall of a Fluid Body 97 Mass and Volume Flow Rates 173
Acceleration on a Straight Path 97 Conservation of Mass Principle 175
Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 99 Moving or Deforming Control Volumes 177
Summary 102 Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes 177
References and Suggested Reading 103 Special Case: Incompressible Flow 178
Problems 103 5–3 Mechanical Energy and Efficiency 180
5–4 The Bernoulli Equation 185
C H A P T E R F O U R Acceleration of a Fluid Particle 186
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation 186
FLUID KINEMATICS 121 Force Balance across Streamlines 188
Unsteady, Compressible Flow 189
Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures 189
4–1 Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 122
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation 190
Acceleration Field 124 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade
Material Derivative 127 Line (EGL) 192
4–2 Fundamentals of Flow Visualization 129 5–5 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 194
Streamlines and Streamtubes 129 5–6 General Energy Equation 201
Pathlines 130
Energy Transfer by Heat, Q 202
Streaklines 132
Energy Transfer by Work, W 202
Timelines 134
Refractive Flow Visualization Techniques 135 5–7 Energy Analysis of Steady Flows 206
Surface Flow Visualization Techniques 136
Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work
4–3 Plots of Fluid Flow Data 136 Devices and Negligible Friction 208
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, a 208
Profile Plots 137
Vector Plots 137 Summary 215
Contour Plots 138 References and Suggested Reading 216
Problems 216
4–4 Other Kinematic Descriptions 139
Types of Motion or Deformation of Fluid Elements 139
Vorticity and Rotationality 144 C H A P T E R S I X
Comparison of Two Circular Flows 147
4–5 The Reynolds Transport Theorem 148 MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW
SYSTEMS 227
Alternate Derivation of the Reynolds Transport
Theorem 153
Relationship between Material Derivative and RTT 155 6–1 Newton’s Laws and Conservation
Application Spotlight:Fluidic Actuators 157 of Momentum 228
Summary 156 6–2 Choosing a Control Volume 229
References and Suggested Reading 158 6–3 Forces Acting on a Control Volume 230
Problems 158