Fluid mechanics

919 Pages·2012·25.434 MB·English

by  Pijush K Kundu, Ira M Cohen, David R Dowling

FLUID MECHANICS
FIFTH EDITION
Founders of Modern Fluid Dynamics
Ludwig Prandtl G. I.Taylor
(1875-1953) (1886-1975)
(Biographical sketchesof Prandtl andTayloraregiven inAppendixC.)
Photograph of Ludwig Prandtl is reprinted with permission from the Annual Review of
Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 19. Copyright 1987 by Annual Reviews:www.AnnualReviews.org.
Photograph of Geoffrey Ingram Taylor at age 69 in his laboratory reprinted with
permission from the AIP Emilio Segre` Visual Archieves. Copyright, American Institute of
Physics,2000.
FLUID
MECHANICS
FIFTH EDITION
P K. K
IJUSH UNDU
I M. C
RA OHEN
D R. D
AVID OWLING
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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Kundu,PijushK.
Fluidmechanics/PijushK.Kundu,IraM.Cohen,DavidR.Dowling.–5thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-12-382100-3(alk.paper)
1.Fluidmechanics.I.Cohen,IraM.II.Dowling,DavidR.III.Title.
QA901.K862012
620.1’06–dc22
2011014138
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Dedication
This revision to this textbook is dedicated to my wife and family who have patiently
helped chip many sharp corners off my personality, and to the many fine instructors and
students with whom I have interacted who have all in some way highlighted the allure of
this subject for me.
D.R.D.
In Memory of Pijush Kundu
at the University de Oriente in Venezuela,
he joined the faculty of the Oceanographic
Center of Nova Southeastern University,
wherehe remained until his deathin 1994.
During his career, Pijush contributed to
a number of sub-disciplines in physical
oceanography, most notably in the fields of
coastal dynamics, mixed-layer physics,
internalwaves,andIndian-Oceandynamics.
He was a skilled data analyst, and, in this
regard, one of his accomplishments was to
introduce the “empirical orthogonal eigen-
function”statisticaltechniquetotheoceano-
graphic community.
IarrivedatNovaSoutheasternUniversity
shortly after Pijush, and he and I worked
PijushKantiKunduwasborninCalcutta, closely together thereafter. I was immedi-
India, on October 31, 1941. He received atelyimpressedwiththeclarityofhisscien-
a BS degree in Mechanical Engineering in tificthinkingandhisthoroughness.Hismost
1963 from Shibpur Engineering College of impressiveandobviousquality,though,was
Calcutta University, earned an MS degree his love of science, which pervaded all his
in Engineering from Roorkee University in activities. Some time after we met, Pijush
1965,andwasalecturerinMechanicalEngi- openedadrawerinadeskinhishomeoffice,
neeringattheIndianInstituteofTechnology showing me drafts of several chapters to
inDelhifrom1965to1968.Pijushcametothe a book he had always wanted to write. A
UnitedStatesin1968,asadoctoralstudentat decade later, this manuscript became the
Penn State University. With Dr. John L. first edition of Fluid Mechanics, the culmina-
Lumley as his advisor, he studied instabil- tion of his lifelong dream, which he dedi-
ities of viscoelastic fluids, receiving his cated to the memory of his mother, and to
doctorate in 1972. He began his lifelong his wife Shikha, daughter Tonushree, and
interestinoceanographysoonafterhisgrad- son Joydip.
uation, working as Research Associate in
Oceanography at Oregon State University Julian P. McCreary, Jr.,
from 1968 until 1972. After spending a year University of Hawaii
vi
In Memory of Ira Cohen
Institute of Physics. His seminal paper,
“Asymptotic theory of spherical electro-
static probes in a slightly ionized, collision
dominated gas” (1963; Physics of Fluids, 6,
1492e1499), is to date the most highly cited
paper in the theory of electrostatic probes
and plasma diagnostics.
During his doctoral work and for a few
years beyond that, Ira collaborated with a
world-renowned mathematician/physicist,
the late Dr. Martin Kruskal (recipient of
NationalMedalofScience,1993)onthedevel-
opmentofamonographcalled“Asymptotol-
ogy.” Professor Kruskal also collaborated
with Professor Cohen on plasma physics.
ThiswasthebasisforIra’sstrongfoundation
in fluid dynamics that has been transmitted
Ira M. Cohen earned his BS from Poly- intotheprioreditionsofthistextbook.
technicUniversityin1958andhisPhDfrom In his forty-one years of service to the
Princeton University in 1963, both in aero- University of Pennsylvania before his death
nautical engineering. He taught at Brown in December 2007, Professor Cohen distin-
University for three years prior to joining guished himself with his integrity, his fierce
theUniversity of Pennsylvania faculty as an defense of high scholarly standards, and
assistantprofessorin1966.Heservedaschair his passionate commitment to teaching. He
oftheDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering will always be remembered for his candor
andAppliedMechanicsfrom1992to1997. and hissenseof humor.
Professor Cohen was a world-renowned Professor Cohen’s dedication to academ-
scholar in the areas of continuum plasmas, ics was unrivalled. In addition, his passion
electrostatic probe theories and plasma for physical fitness was legendary. Neither
diagnostics, dynamics and heat transfer of rain nor sleet nor snow would deter him
lightly ionized gases, low current arc fromhisdailybicyclecommute,whichbegan
plasmas, laminar shear layer theory, and at5:00AM,fromhishomeinNarberthtothe
matched asymptotics in fluid mechanics. University of Pennsylvania. His colleagues
Most of his contributions appear in the grew accustomed to seeing him drag his
Physics of Fluids journal of the American forty-year-old bicycle, with its original
vii
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INMEMORYOFIRACOHEN
three-speed gearshift, up to his office. His and his wife, Linda, were first married
othergreatpassionwasthegameofsquash, near Princeton, New Jersey, on February 13,
which he played with extraordinary skill 1960,whentheyeloped. Theyweremarried
fivedaysaweekattheRingeSquashCourts a second time four months later in a formal
at Penn, where he was a fierce but fair ceremony. He is survived by his wife, his
competitor. During the final year of his life, two children, Susan Cohen Bolstad and
Professor Cohen remained true to his bicy- Nancy Cohen Cavanaugh, and three grand-
clingandsquash-playingschedule,refusing children,Melissa, Daniel,and Andrew.
toallowhisillnessgetinthewayofthethings
heloved. Senior Faculty
Professor Cohen was a member of Beth Department of Mechanical Engineering
Am Israel Synagogue, and would on occa- andApplied Mechanics
sion lead Friday night services there. He University of Pennsylvania
About the Third Author
theUniversityofMichiganwherehehassince
taught and conducted research in fluid
mechanics and acoustics. He has authored
and co-authored more than 60 archival jour-
nal articles and more than 100 conference
presentations.Hispublishedresearchinfluid
mechanicsincludespapersonturbulentmix-
ing, forced-convection heat transfer, cirrus
clouds, molten plastic flow, interactions of
surfactants with water waves, and hydrofoil
performance and turbulent boundary layer
characteristics at high Reynolds numbers.
David R. Dowling was born in Mesa, From January 2007 through June 2009, he
Arizona, in 1960 but grew up in southern served as an Associate Chair and as the
California where early practical exposure to Undergraduate Program Director for the
fluidmechanicsdswimming,surfing,sailing, Department of Mechanical Engineering at
flying model aircraft, and trying to throw the University of Michigan. He is a fellow
a curve ballddominated his free time. He of the American Society of Mechanical
attended the California Institute of Tech- Engineers and of the Acoustical Society of
nology continuously for a decade starting in America. He received the Student Council
1978,earningaBSdegreeinAppliedPhysics Mentoring Award of the Acoustical Soci-
in1982,andMSandPhDdegreesinAeronau- ety of America in 2007, the University
ticsin1983and1988,respectively.Aftergrad- of Michigan College of Engineering John
uate school, he worked at Boeing Aerospace R. Ullrich Education Excellence Award in
andElectronicsandthentookapost-doctoral 2009, and the Outstanding Professor Award
scientist position at the Applied Physics from the University of Michigan Chapter of
Laboratory of the University of Washington. theAmericanSocietyforEngineeringEduca-
In 1992, he started a faculty career in the tion in 2009. Prof. Dowling is an avid
Department of Mechanical Engineering at swimmer,ismarried,andhassevenchildren.
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