Fluid Chemistry, Drilling and Completion (Volume One)

484 Pages·2021·22.102 MB·English

by  Qiwei Wang (editor)

Fluid Chemistry,
Drilling and
Completion
Oil and Gas Chemistry Management Series
Fluid Chemistry,
Drilling and
Completion
Volume 1
Edited by
Qiwei Wang
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Contents
List ofcontributors................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER 1 Reservoir fluid geodynamics........................................1
Oliver C. Mullins,Li Chen, Soraya S. Betancourt,
Vladislav Achourov, Hadrien Dumont, Jesus A. Can˜as,
Julia C. Forsytheand Andrew E. Pomerantz
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................1
1.2 Reservoir fluid geodynamics.........................................................2
1.2.1 Asphaltene science..............................................................6
1.2.2 Oraintelligent wirelineformationtesting
platform and DFA.............................................................11
1.3 RFG oilfield case studies.............................................................14
1.3.1 RFG applied toa light oil reservoir.................................14
1.3.2 RFG applied toa black oil field.......................................21
1.4 RFG workflow..............................................................................28
1.5 Conclusions..................................................................................30
Nomenclature...............................................................................31
References....................................................................................32
CHAPTER 2 Sampling petroleum fluids.........................................41
Curtis Hays Whitson, SisselØ.Martinsen and Bilal Younus
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................42
2.1.1 From upstreamtodownstream.........................................43
2.1.2 Sampling types—theshort list..........................................44
2.1.3 Definingreservoirtype.....................................................44
2.1.4 Fluidinitialization.............................................................45
2.1.5 In situ-representativeversus reservoir
representativesamples......................................................48
2.1.6 Developing PVT models...................................................49
2.2 Samplingprocedures and measurements.....................................52
2.2.1 Sampling types..................................................................52
2.2.2 How do we use samples?..................................................65
2.2.3 Sampling standards...........................................................66
2.2.4 Compositionalanalyses....................................................67
2.3 Samplingstrategies......................................................................68
2.3.1 Balancing wish lists and costs..........................................68
2.3.2 Discovery wells.................................................................69
2.3.3 Delineation wells..............................................................70
v
vi Contents
2.3.4 Productionwells................................................................70
2.3.5 EOR wells.........................................................................71
2.3.6 Problem wells....................................................................71
2.3.7 Fluid system considerations..............................................71
2.4 Special issues in sampling...........................................................74
2.4.1 Sample storage..................................................................74
2.4.2 Separatorsampling............................................................75
2.4.3 Using contaminated PVT samples....................................77
2.4.4 Wax, asphaltenes,scale, and hydrates..............................81
2.4.5 Mudgas sampling.............................................................83
2.4.6 Tight unconventionals.......................................................83
2.5 Conclusions..................................................................................87
Nomenclature...............................................................................89
References....................................................................................91
CHAPTER 3 Water chemistry..........................................................95
WeiWang and WeiWei
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................95
3.2 Types ofwater samples................................................................96
3.3 Water sampling and analysis.......................................................97
3.4 Water data evaluation..................................................................99
3.5 Water chemistrydata interpretationandreconciliation............100
3.6 Factors that impact/change water chemistry.............................101
3.7 Field case examples ofwater chemistry application.................105
3.7.1 Original oil inplace(OOIP)estimate............................106
3.7.2 Water sourceidentification.............................................106
3.7.3 Management ofscale,corrosion, andother
water-related production problems.................................107
3.7.4 Producedwater chemistry surveillance and
applicationsinshaleand tight plays...............................109
3.8 Final remarks..............................................................................110
Nomenclature.............................................................................111
References..................................................................................111
CHAPTER 4 Drilling fluids............................................................115
Jay P. Deville
4.1 Introduction................................................................................115
4.2 Drillingfluidfunctions...............................................................116
4.2.1 Formationpressure management and wellbore
stability(cid:1)fluid density....................................................116
4.2.2 Hole cleaning—fluid rheological properties..................119
Contents vii
4.2.3 Seal permeable formations—fluid loss control
and bridging....................................................................122
4.2.4 Reduce friction—fluid lubricity.....................................123
4.2.5 Other functions................................................................124
4.3 Drilling fluid types.....................................................................124
4.4 Aqueous-based fluids.................................................................125
4.4.1 Water-basedfluidadditives............................................125
4.4.2 Water-basedfluids types.................................................141
4.5 Nonaqueous fluids......................................................................143
4.5.1 Nonaqueous fluids additives...........................................144
4.5.2 Nonaqueous fluidtypes..................................................156
4.6 Reservoir drilling fluids.............................................................159
4.6.1 Reservoir drilling fluid additives....................................161
4.7 Conclusion..................................................................................166
Nomenclature.............................................................................167
References..................................................................................168
CHAPTER 5 Cementing additives.................................................187
Arnaud Cadix and SimonJames
5.1 Introduction................................................................................187
5.2 Cementbasics.............................................................................188
5.2.1 Chemical notation...........................................................188
5.2.2 Portland cement chemistry.............................................189
5.2.3 Hydration of Portlandcement.........................................190
5.2.4 Interparticle interactions.................................................196
5.2.5 Application towell cements...........................................196
5.3 Slurry formulation......................................................................197
5.3.1 Temperature....................................................................197
5.3.2 Slurrydensity..................................................................198
5.3.3 Placement time................................................................203
5.3.4 Rheologicalproperties....................................................216
5.3.5 Fluidloss control............................................................225
5.3.6 Gas migration control.....................................................234
5.3.7 Other additives................................................................237
5.4 Summary.....................................................................................241
5.4.1 Polymers incement formulations...................................241
5.4.2 Formulation approach.....................................................244
Nomenclature.............................................................................244
Conversion Factors....................................................................245
Acknowledgments.....................................................................245
References..................................................................................246
viii Contents
CHAPTER 6 Completion and workover fluids ..............................255
Balakrishnan Panamarathupalayam
and Cedric Manzolelua
6.1 Introduction................................................................................256
6.2 Types ofcompletion brines........................................................256
6.2.1 Halide brines (inorganic salts)........................................257
6.2.2 Formatebrines (organicsalts)........................................258
6.2.3 Potassiumcarbonatebrine..............................................258
6.3 Considerationsfor completion brine selection..........................259
6.3.1 Density requirement........................................................259
6.3.2 Crystallization temperature.............................................260
6.3.3 Hydrate inhibition...........................................................261
6.3.4 Compatibility with formation fluids...............................263
6.3.5 Compatibility with reservoir matrix...............................264
6.3.6 Corrosion ofcompletion hardware.................................264
6.3.7 Environmental and safety...............................................265
6.3.8 Cost..................................................................................267
6.4 Completion brineproperties measurement................................267
6.4.1 Density............................................................................267
6.4.2 Iron content.....................................................................268
6.4.3 Turbidity..........................................................................268
6.4.4 Total suspended solids....................................................268
6.5 Completion brineadditives........................................................269
6.5.1 Corrosion inhibitors........................................................269
6.5.2 Lubricants........................................................................272
6.5.3 Viscosifierand fluid loss control....................................274
6.6 Conclusion..................................................................................277
Nomenclature.............................................................................278
References..................................................................................278
CHAPTER 7 Packer fluids.............................................................283
RosaSwartwout and Arthur Hale
7.1 Introduction................................................................................283
7.2 Types ofpackerfluids................................................................284
7.3 Solids-free brines........................................................................284
7.4 Packer fluidproperties...............................................................287
7.4.1 Density............................................................................287
7.4.2 Crystallization temperature.............................................288
7.4.3 Fluid clarity.....................................................................288
7.4.4 Corrosion andcorrosion inhibition.................................289
7.4.5 Fluid compatibility..........................................................291
Contents ix
7.5 Displacement..............................................................................291
7.6 Safety..........................................................................................292
7.7 Summary.....................................................................................292
Nomenclature.............................................................................293
References..................................................................................293
CHAPTER 8 Carbonate matrix stimulation...................................297
Murtaza Ziauddin
8.1 Introduction................................................................................297
8.2 Candidate selection....................................................................299
8.3 Chemicaland physical processes incarbonate acidizing..........302
8.3.1 Reactions of carbonate rocks with strong
inorganic acids................................................................302
8.3.2 Reactions of carbonate rocks with weak organic
acidsand chelants...........................................................305
8.3.3 Carbonate dissolution patterns: influence of
transportand reaction......................................................308
8.3.4 Wormhole growth models..............................................313
8.3.5 Influence ofmineralogy and porosity type....................314
8.4 Stimulationfluid engineering....................................................319
8.4.1 Single-phase retarders for HCl(cid:1)carbonatereaction......319
8.4.2 Organic acids andchelants.............................................320
8.4.3 Polymer and viscoelastic surfactant gelled acids...........322
8.4.4 Emulsified acids..............................................................324
8.4.5 Foamed acids...................................................................326
8.5 Stimulationtreatmentdesign.....................................................326
8.5.1 Designchallenges...........................................................328
8.5.2 Designoptimization........................................................330
8.6 Summary.....................................................................................332
Nomenclature.............................................................................333
References..................................................................................333
CHAPTER 9 Sandstone matrix stimulation...................................341
Mohamed Mahmoud and Ibrahim Gomaa
9.1 Introduction................................................................................342
9.2 Formationdamage mechanisms insandstone reservoirs..........344
9.2.1 Clay swelling...................................................................344
9.2.2 Fines migration...............................................................345
9.2.3 Inorganic scale deposition..............................................347
9.2.4 Organic scale deposition.................................................348
9.2.5 Damage during drilling andcompletion.........................348
9.2.6 Damage during reservoirstimulation.............................349
x Contents
9.3 Acid types...................................................................................350
9.3.1 Hydrofluoric acid and mud acid.....................................350
9.3.2 HCl acid..........................................................................354
9.3.3 Retarded acids.................................................................355
9.3.4 Chelating agents..............................................................356
9.3.5 Organic acid mixtures.....................................................358
9.3.6 New developments..........................................................359
9.4 Acid additives.............................................................................360
9.4.1 Corrosion inhibitor..........................................................360
9.4.2 Surfactants.......................................................................361
9.4.3 Clay stabilizers................................................................361
9.4.4 Iron control agents..........................................................361
9.4.5 Liquefiedgases and foaming agents..............................363
9.5 Acid diversion and placement....................................................363
9.5.1 Mechanical means...........................................................363
9.5.2 Chemicalmeans..............................................................365
9.6 Laboratory testing techniques and equipment...........................366
9.6.1 Rock solubility tests........................................................366
9.6.2 Core flooding experiments..............................................367
9.6.3 Petrographic tests............................................................368
9.6.4 Zeta potential measurement/surfacecharge...................369
9.7 Treatment design........................................................................369
9.7.1 Preflushstage..................................................................369
9.7.2 Main flush stage..............................................................370
9.7.3 Postflushstage.................................................................371
9.8 Sandstoneacidizing models.......................................................371
9.8.1 Conventional permeability models.................................371
9.8.2 Permeability model with mineralogy effect...................372
9.8.3 Precipitation models........................................................376
9.9 Field treatments..........................................................................376
9.10 Summary.....................................................................................377
Nomenclature.............................................................................379
References..................................................................................379
CHAPTER 10 Acid fracturing stimulation.......................................387
FrankF. Chang
10.1 Petroleumengineering and geological aspects..........................387
10.2 Acid fracturing chemistry..........................................................389
10.3 Reactionkinetics........................................................................393
10.4 Systemofchemical additives inacid........................................400
10.4.1 Corrosion inhibitors......................................................401