Flow Control Techniques and Applications

293 Pages·2018·160.852 MB·English

by  Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng

FlowControlTechniquesandApplications
Providing comprehensive coverage, this is the first book to systematically introduce
differentflowcontroltechniques.Withadedicatedchapterforeachtechnique,allofthe
most important, typical, and up-to-date methods are discussed, including the vortex
generator, biological techniques, the jet and synthetic jet, the plasma actuator, and
closed-loopcontrol.Understandtheirkeycharacteristicsandcontrolmechanisms,and
learnabouttheirapplicationsindifferentfieldssuchasaviationandaerospace,mechan-
icalengineering,andbuildingconstruction.Thenecessarybackgroundonflowcontrol
isprovided,includingthehistoryofthediscipline,andthedefinition,classification,and
development of each technique, making this essential reading for graduate students,
researchers,andengineersworkinginthefield.
JinjunWangistheDirectoroftheInstituteofFluidMechanicsatBeijingUniversityof
Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA), and the Director of the Fluid Mechanics Key
LaboratoryattheMinistryofEducationofChina.HewastheHeadoftheDepartmentof
AircraftDesignandAppliedMechanicsatBUAAbetween1997and2003.
Lihao Feng is an associate professor at Beijing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics(BUAA),andaneditorialboardmemberoftheJournalofFlowControl,
Measurement&Visualization.
CambridgeAerospaceSeries
Editors:WeiShyyandVigorYang
1. J.M.RolfeandK.J.Staples(eds.):FlightSimulation
2. P.Berlin:TheGeostationaryApplicationsSatellite
3. M.J.T.Smith:AircraftNoise
4. N.X.Vinh:FlightMechanicsofHigh-PerformanceAircraft
5. W.A.MairandD.L.Birdsall:AircraftPerformance
6. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl
7. M.J.Sidi:SpacecraftDynamicsandControl
8. J.D.Anderson:AHistoryofAerodynamics
9. A.M.Cruise,J.A.Bowles,C.V.Goodall,andT.J.Patrick:PrinciplesofSpaceInstrumentDesign
10. G.A.Khoury(ed.):AirshipTechnology,SecondEdition
11. J.P.Fielding:IntroductiontoAircraftDesign
12. J.G.Leishman:PrinciplesofHelicopterAerodynamics,SecondEdition
13. J.KatzandA.Plotkin:Low-SpeedAerodynamics,SecondEdition
14. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl:AHistoryoftheTechnologiesthat
MadeAviationPossible,SecondEdition
15. D.H.HodgesandG.A.Pierce:IntroductiontoStructuralDynamicsandAeroelasticity,Second
Edition
16. W.Fehse:AutomaticRendezvousandDockingofSpacecraft
17. R.D.Flack:FundamentalsofJetPropulsionwithApplications
18. E.A.Baskharone:PrinciplesofTurbomachineryinAir-BreathingEngines
19. D.D.Knight:NumericalMethodsforHigh-SpeedFlows
20. C.A.Wagner,T.Hüttl,andP.Sagaut(eds.):Large-EddySimulationforAcoustics
21. D.D.Joseph,T.Funada,andJ.Wang:PotentialFlowsofViscousandViscoelasticFluids
22. W.Shyy,Y.Lian,H.Liu,J.Tang,andD.Viieru:AerodynamicsofLowReynoldsNumberFlyers
23. J.H.Saleh:AnalysesforDurabilityandSystemDesignLifetime
24. B.K.Donaldson:AnalysisofAircraftStructures,SecondEdition
25. C.Segal:TheScramjetEngine:ProcessesandCharacteristics
26. J.F.Doyle:GuidedExplorationsoftheMechanicsofSolidsandStructures
27. A.K.Kundu:AircraftDesign
28. M.I.Friswell,J.E.T.Penny,S.D.Garvey,andA.W.Lees:DynamicsofRotatingMachines
29. B.A.Conway(ed):SpacecraftTrajectoryOptimization
30. R.J.AdrianandJ.Westerweel:ParticleImageVelocimetry
31. G.A.Flandro,H.M.McMahon,andR.L.Roach:BasicAerodynamics
32. H.BabinskyandJ.K.Harvey:ShockWave–Boundary-LayerInteractions
33. C.K.W.Tam:ComputationalAeroacoustics:AWaveNumberApproach
34. A.Filippone:AdvancedAircraftFlightPerformance
35. I.ChopraandJ.Sirohi:SmartStructuresTheory
36. W.Johnson:RotorcraftAeromechanicsvol.3
37. W.Shyy,H.Aono,C.K.Kang,andH.Liu:AnIntroductiontoFlappingWingAerodynamics
38. T.C.LieuwenandV.Yang:GasTurbineEmissions
39. P.KabambaandA.Girard:FundamentalsofAerospaceNavigationandGuidance
40. R.M.Cummings,W.H.Mason,S.A.Morton,andD.R.McDaniel:AppliedComputational
Aerodynamics
41. P.G.Tucker:AdvancedComputationalFluidandAerodynamics
42. IainD.BoydandThomasE.Schwartzentruber:NonequilibriumGasDynamicsandMolecular
Simulation
43. JosephJ.S.ShangandSergeyT.Surzhikov:PlasmaDynamicsforAerospaceEngineering
44. BijayK.Sultanian:GasTurbines:InternalFlowSystemsModeling
45. J.A.Kéchichian:AppliedNonsingularAstrodynamics:OptimalLow-ThrustOrbitTransfer
46. J.WangandL.Feng:FlowControlTechniquesandApplications
Flow Control Techniques and
Applications
JINJUN WANG
BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics
LIHAO FENG
BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia
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79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107161566
DOI:10.1017/9781316676448
©JinjunWangandLihaoFeng2019
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2019
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A.
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Wang,Jinjun,author.|Feng,Lihao,author.
Title:Flowcontroltechniquesandapplications/JinjunWang,BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsand
Astronautics,LihaoFeng,BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics.
Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]
|Series:Cambridgeaerospaceseries|Includesbibliographicalreferences.
Identifiers:LCCN2018027182|ISBN9781107161566
Subjects:LCSH:Airflow.|Aeronautics.
Classification:LCCTL574.F5W362018|DDC629.132/32–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018027182
ISBN978-1-107-16156-6Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Preface pageix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Classification 2
1.3 PassiveFlowControl 5
1.4 ActiveFlowControl 14
1.5 ConcludingRemarks 18
References 19
2 GurneyFlap 23
2.1 Background 23
2.2 ControlofAirfoil 23
2.3 ControlofWing 32
2.4 DynamicFlowControl 42
2.5 ConcludingRemarks 46
References 46
3 VortexGenerator 48
3.1 Background 48
3.2 FundamentalFlowCharacteristics 49
3.3 BoundaryLayerControl 50
3.4 FlowSeparationControl 53
3.5 LiftEnhancementandDragReduction 55
3.6 HeatTransferEnhancement 61
3.7 ConcludingRemarks 62
References 63
4 Roughness 65
4.1 Background 65
4.2 RoughnessonTransition 69
4.3 RoughnessonTurbulence 85
4.4 ConcludingRemarks 92
References 92
vi Contents
5 Polymer 94
5.1 Background 94
5.2 PolymerforPipeFlow 94
5.3 PolymerforChannelFlow 100
5.4 PolymerforCoherentStructures 103
5.5 ConcludingRemarks 107
References 107
6 BiologicalTechniques 108
6.1 Background 108
6.2 HairyCoating 110
6.3 Leading-EdgeTubercles 115
6.4 Riblet 129
6.5 Cactus-ShapeModification 132
6.6 ConcludingRemarks 138
References 138
7 Jet 141
7.1 Background 141
7.2 FundamentalCharacteristics 141
7.3 JetsforFlowControl 147
7.4 NovelConceptionsBasedonJets 156
7.5 ConcludingRemarks 165
References 165
8 SyntheticJet 168
8.1 Principle 168
8.2 InfluenceofParameters 170
8.3 CharacteristicsofVelocityField 176
8.4 NovelSyntheticJet 178
8.5 NumericalModel 179
8.6 ApplicationsofSyntheticJets 183
8.7 ConcludingRemarks 200
References 201
9 PlasmaActuator 206
9.1 Background 206
9.2 ClassificationofPlasmaActuators 206
9.3 ConventionalApplications 211
9.4 NovelPlasmaActuators 228
9.5 ConcludingRemarks 241
References 241
Contents vii
10 LorentzForce 246
10.1 Background 246
10.2 BoundaryLayer 247
10.3 Airfoil 255
10.4 BluffBody 261
10.5 ConcludingRemarks 263
References 264
11 Closed-LoopControl 266
11.1 Background 266
11.2 Closed-LoopBasedonReduced-OrderModel 267
11.3 Closed-LoopBasedonMeasuredVariables 268
11.4 ConcludingRemarks 275
References 277
Index 278

Preface
Flow control is one of the frontier subjects in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics. It
attemptstointroduceperturbationsintotheflowfieldtoaltertheoriginalflowdevelop-
ment path into an ideal state, and thus to achieve the desired goals, such as lift
enhancement drag reduction, vibration suppression, noise reduction, fuel and heat
transfer enhancement, etc. There are many different kinds of flow control techniques,
whichcouldbeclassifiedintopassivecontrolandactivecontrolbasedonenergyinput.
Passive control needs no energy and it is easy to implement. It could be further
distinguished as the fundamental techniques that are developed based on our under-
standingofflowphysics,andthebiomimetictechniqueswhicharederivedfromnature.
Active controlneeds extra energy,and can be adjusted during thecontrol process and
thusbeimplementedinreal-timeandunsteadyflowcontrol.Thus,controleffectiveness
andefficiencyfortheactivetechniquesisusuallymoresignificantthanthatforpassive
ones.
Flow control has developed in association with the development of the aviation
industry.Inparticular,ithasmadegreatcontributionstotheadvancementofaviation.
Somecontroltechniqueshavebeenusedinaircraftuptonow,suchashigh-liftairfoils,
vortex generators, wing tips, etc. Flow control could also be widely used in space,
turbomachinery,combustion,building,transportation,etc.Implementationofflowcon-
trol is usually related to complex flow phenomena. Thus, flow control is of great
significance for not only the development of the subject of fluid mechanics but also
hasgreatpotentialapplicationsinengineering.
The primary focus of this book is to introduce the most important and typical flow
controltechniques.Chapter1offersageneralintroductiontoflowcontrol,includingthe
background,classification,andfeaturesofvariouspassiveandactivetechniques.Then,
eachchapterwillmainlydiscussonetypicalcontrolmethod,includingitsfundamental
characteristics, applications in various fields and control mechanisms. The book is
organizedinthiswaytoenablereaderstobetterunderstandandmasterflowcontrol.
Chapter2introducestheGurneyflap,whichisasmalldeviceattachedtothepressure
surfaceoftheairfoiltoeffectivelyincreasetheliftcoefficient.Chapter3introducesthe
vortex generator, which is a simple device to induce streamwise vortex for separation
control, thus to reduce the pressure-difference drag. Chapter 4 introduces roughness,
whichcouldbeusedtodelayflowtransitionandinfluencethecoherentstructuresinthe
turbulent boundary layer, thus to reduce friction drag. Chapter 5 introduces polymer,
whichisalsoaneffectivecontrolapproachforturbulentdragreduction.