Floristic checklist of the Peruvian Lomas Formations

2011·13.6 MB·English

by  Michael O Dillon

4
Amaitina
07 2011
18(1): - 32, ISSN: 1815 -8242
Lomas
Floristic Checklist of the Peruvian Formations
Lomas
Catálogo
de peruanas
florístico las
Botany Department, The Mus
Field
&
Segundo
Leiva González Mario Zapata Cruz
Museo
de
Historia Natural, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, PERÚ.
Casilla Postal 1075,
Trujillo,
[email protected]; [email protected]. pe
Pedro Lezama Asencio
Departamento Académico
de Ciencias, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, PERU. plezamaa@
Trujillo,
San
nal de Agustín, Arequipa, PERU.
la<
A
floristic checklist of the Peruvian lomas formations presented consisting of one Gnetophyta (gymnosperm);
is
1
families, 68 genera, and 145 species of Liliopsida (monocotyledons); and 68 families, 316 genera, and 701 species of
Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons) fora grand total of 83 families, 385 genera, and 847 species. The checklist but a snapshot
is
many
of this flora; our sources of records includes years of field collecting. recording lomas plants herbaria in Perú, the
United States and Europe. Records are supported with vouchers, of which, the majority are accessible via a searchable
datábase and as socijk ormations, review
a
;
of historical collecting efforts, and a discussion of factors influencing lomas dynamics are presented. Locality maps and
a listing of lomas formations with approximate coordinates are provided.
Key
words:
Perú, checklist, lomas formation.
Se presenta un catálogo floristico de las lomas costeras del Perú que consiste de una Gnetophyta (gimnosperma);
14 familias, 68 géneros y 145 especies de Liliopsida (monocotiledoneas); y 68 familias, 316 géneros y 701 especies de
Magnoliopsida haciendo un de 83 385 géneros 847
(dicotiledóneas), total familias, y especies. El catálogo constituye un
como
asi consultas en herbarios de Perú, Estados Unidos Europa. Los registros están respaldados por colecciones de
y
herbario, de las cuales, la mayoría son accesibles via bases de datos y asociadas con imágenes de herbario digitalizadas.
Lomas
Se presenta también una breve descripción de las peruanas, una revisión histórica de los esfuerzos de recolección,
mismo
y una discusión de los factores que influyen en la dinámica lomal. Asi se proporcionan mapas de localidades
y
una de formaciones de lomas con coordenadas aproximadas.
lista
Palabras formación
clave: Perú, catálogo, lomal.
and fog-zone lomas
licK restricted to the locations or
Iui
South America [5°-30°S latitude], the Peruvian and the lomas formations essentially function as terrestrial
Atacama deserts form a continuous, hyper-arid belt, islands separated by hype-arid habitat where virtually
Andean Native vegetation of the deserts have been recognized unique
Cordillera. as assemblages, although
many endemic some now
consists of over 1200 species, highly are completely destroyed due to the actions

íhc
when during high
conditions permit,
in the deserts i.e., . I
some example
when contain edible fruits, for
episodes water not a limiting íes
precipitation is
members
and Solanum (-Lycopersicon) both
have observable adaptive they ta
they traits,
factor. If
may of enhanced physiological or olanaceae family that have tomato-like, edibk
well be in the área
from diverse plant familieí
They make most with the Edible roots
the
water use capabilities.
some nourishment whicl
have provided
lso
Some weedy European allv.
especially
species,
patterns.
(Bigno
weeds, find their way into the lomas formations, often Argylia radiata
d
through of man, these plants usually do (Begoniaceae), Oxalis
the activities
montanum
(Solanaceae)
not persist, rather they are out-competed rather quickly
Agri
(Tropaeolaceae).
on breeding genet!
s.
p
Niño
with El
associated e
5
patterns in
i
by
provided
are n
processes responsible for shaping the flora found in the
Cerro
planted
at
driest place on Earth, western coast of South America.
Scientists are just beginning to appreciate the impact of
Niño (ENSO) upon
El events biological c
about the evolutionary effects of the phenomenon. The The influenc
1500 should
years, r
importance of El Niño events on marine communities especially over
woody
ve species havt
has been observed with the disruption of the food-chain underestimated.
firewood and construction.
severely depleted for
and birds (Vermeij 1990). The effects of El Niño
such
may be assumed that native tree species, as
It
an event upon terrestrial communities not as well
is
Carica candicans (mito), oí
Caesalpinia spinosa (tara),
&
documented
(Dillon Rundel 1990). In discussing the
and
had wider distributions largei
Myrcianthesferreyrae
ecological impacts of Niño
El in the eastern Pacific,
The removal
of man. oí
populations prior to the arrival
Vermeij 990) listedfo\-—-: ' Mdered
(1
would have changec
woody most
vegetation certainly
ENSO
of from
fariability
of herbaceous plants
the extent
£
the norm, 2) frequency of occurrences, 3) severity as
Movemer
composition.
current
regards levéis of extinction, and geographic extent.
4)
and coast has led
the interior
Possible consequences to be considered are: shifts
1)
many Andean
weeds. Historical
in selection pressures with changing backgrounds,
2)
such Australia
exotic species, as
extinction of populations, of populations
3) splitting
Casuarina), has changed the che
(vicariance), and 3) founder effects in speciation events
man upon
Perhaps the worst plague that as set 1
(long-distance
dispersal).
Europeans
of
lomas formations since the arrival
;
The lomas formations have acted as an important herbivores such as goats, which are very destruct:
source of fresh water, food, and construction materials
Niño have resulted in
for early coastal natives (Beresford-Jones, 2004; Lanning, conditions associated with El <
1965). The presence of adjacent high sierra. For that reasi
vegetation, often forageable, condition in the
and livestock "drivi
of
for there a history large cattle
is
;, <
water
and deer, both of which we down to the coast. They transpon drinkable í
>,
months, until the Ion
several
graze livestock for
their
07-32. 2011
Arnaldoa
18(1):
Dillon
et al.: Floristic Checklist of the Pcruvian Lomas Formations
Fig. 3. A. Lomas Formation at Cerro Reque, Department of Lambayeque. Vegetation ¡s confined to the upper portion of the mountain (500 m);
Cerro Cabezón, Department of La Libertad, was ¡n 1998 at the peak of the El Niño effects
B.
Amaldoa 07-32,2011
18(1):
5
Dillon et Floristic Checklist of the Peruvian Lomas Formations
al.:
formations dried up. credited as the first botanist to scientifically study the
m
Pem
LÓ
ñ ° ° f Hi Pólit0 Ruiz P ez (b- 754-d. 8
1 1 1 5,
how
The stories of each taxon reached the lomas '
d
Dombe
Antonio Pavón 754 Joseph
° Sé (b " 844)
J y
1 1
"
some^Lenr^indrLdent'^evrate
formationsTre
'
tS
'
' (b.l742-d.l794) and Juan José Tafalla Navascués
were members of team
(b.1755, 1811) collecting
d.
short- term "processes'
l
sent to South America by the King Carlos III of Spain
Academia
with the Expedición del Perú, y de Real
la
.„ ^
XT ...
As . ,
response. mentioned previousl,y, El Niño Iikely
ís
" 1 Madrid. They spent a total of ten years in
:
'
of seed banks, but
e
odera day Perú and Chile and their effoi
m
22226644 ddrraawwiinnggss aanndd aapppprrooxxiimmaatteelly 3000
resulltteedd in
when
vears
.
ooff wwhhiicchh no fewer than
ssppeeeccciiieeesss ddeessccrriippttiioonnss,,
sP
. . ^
only fog that provides moisture. Ifyou consider sea level
&
me
ffoouunndd wwiitrhaimn the lomas formations (Ruiz Pavón,
<oí
lowering events as o ortunities for mass f
"
t'
toftZTdta^
7
majord^acemem '
;
aneas"!
o
was to have been above South Latitude. There the In the 800s, Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (b. 804-
1 1 1
amount of space between the small coastal mountains 1840) collected along coastal Perú 1830-1832, and
now
were the lomas exist would have been several Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (b.l789-d.l854) visited
more kms and certainly they would have been out of the coastal Perú twice, in 830-32 and again in 836-
first 1 1
original fog belt. These events not only eliminated some collecting and describing desert vegetation. But, the
37,
"arid" elements, but it also allowed for the establishment entire Peruvian coastal desert did not become botanically
of now
typical sierra species which are isolated at the well-known until Antonio Raimondi (b.l824-d.l890)
upper portions of the lomas peaks, typically above 600 visited several lomas formations, north and south of Lima
m. This most pronounced Weberbauer
effect is in the north and that in 863 and 868 (Raimondi, 929). Agusto
1 1 1
why
is Cerro Cabezón, Cerro Campaña, etc. These sites (b. 1 87 1 - d. 1 948) arrived in Perú in 1 90 1 and began his
have
higher proportions of adjacent Andean taxa. In extensive botanical explorations with collections in the
Arequipa, Moquegua and Lima
Tacna, the lomas formations lomas formations on the surroundings of (see
hills
are not confined
to small mountains, rather the cover Weberbauer Today those localities are destroyed
945).
1
more
wider, extensive áreas comprising many human
by
hectares. occupation.
ofplantspecie<
,n
rmations
are classic examples of
islands with
floras
lomas and offer causal mechanisms. Further
íe
of
nsisting disharmonious
associations.
Nolanc
nented on the endemic distribution of
ceae) and Palaua (Malvaceae) in southerr
on connections
northern Chile; he speculated
1
The arid coasts of Perú and Chile were between coastal Perú and the Galápagos Islands; anc
initially
:plored by the Spanish in the 500s and made the connection between Perú and the Argentint
the
first
1
cords of the description of Lima Andes Bulnesia retama Zygophyllaceae).
plants in the área are (e.g., -
Spamsh
< ln Noldier, Pedro de Osma. Intheearl;
MacBride 1892 -
22, Francis (b.
J.
1700s,the coasn
passmu
tal b\ ships and
oltci
of lomas plants,
ut 125 collections
lumruliMs
isited for the purpose of making
\ scientific
San
around Lima which included
as
collections and
observation. Louis Éconches
Feuillée
These
and Lurigancho.
Chorrillos
haVC been
SÍtCS largely overrU!
D. He
Cassini
spent nine months
botanizin Perú
in
ex ansion
P
in 1710, collecting -
in the coastal región of and
lio
is

;
Peruvian Lomas Formations
Dillon Checklist of the
Floristic
et al.:
Angulo Espino (1888-
(b.l898-d.l960) collcctcd in the lomas formations of (Ferreyra, 1953, 1961). Nicolás
Werdermann Arnaldo López Miranda (b.l922-d.2010) and
southern Perú. Erich (b.l892-d.l959), a 1969),
Dahlm Museum, Abundio Sagástegui Alva have collected within
botanist with the Berlin Botanical also all
collected in southern Perú in 1925. An amateur botanist the lomas formations of Perú. The latter collector
Campana
fromEngland, Dora B. StafTord, made a series ofcollections made extensive collections on Cerro and
937 Her yielded many 1982-83. Those collections provided the basis for an
Stafford, 1939). efíbrts
(cf.
:ms from the lomas formations, especially in the inventory of the regions lomas formations (Sagástegui
Moliendo área. T. Harper Goodspeed (b.l887-d.l966), et al, 1988). Mikio Ono, of the Tokyo Metropolitan
of expeditions
•om the University of California at Berkeley, initiated a University, Japan, directed a series
He
and
sriesof expeditions to Perú. Goodspeed 96 l)published to coastal Perú and Chile in the 1980's. his
(1
n account of the expeditions in his book, Plant Hunters colleagues conducted a wide variety of investigations
the Andes. During a strong El Niño year of 1942, he within the ¡ornas formations, including counting
i
visited the Lomas of Lachay and Lurín with Weberbauer chromosomes of lomas species, calculating biomass.
-
and described the lomas formations as "Meadows on the and documenting seed banks (Ohga 986, 99 992
1 1 1
1 ,
&
Oka Ogawa Ono
DesetT. Additional collectors in his group included A. A. 984; 982, 986).
1 1 1
„ pmoii^o
Beetle (b.l913-d.2003), H. E. Stork 890-d. O.
(b. 959)h,
1
v v 1 . . . . M.O.
' Beginnmg in the strong El Niño year of 1983,
B.Horton,C. R.Worth(b. Morrison
1903), J. L. (b. 1911), „ .. ,
Dillon ,began collect. mg wi.thin t,he l, omas tormations
'
R. D. Metcalf, P. C. Hutchison (b.l 924-d. 1997), J. West ,
. . . , . , - and,
which culminated in several thousands of accessions
(b.l886-d. 1939), and J.K.Wright. A - ...
_ ...
, tri
a senes of papers descnbing the vegetation of coastal Perú
Ramón
Ferreyra Huerta (b.l910-d.2005) was a and Chile (see Dillon 1985, 1989, 1997, 2005; Dillon
Dillon Peruvum
e the Lomas Formations
&
A
Rundel, Rundel
1990;
et al. 1991, 2007). floristic biogeographical questions involving plants of the lomas
datábase covering
the entire área is available (see Dillon formation from an explicit phylogenetic framework
994). Collecting expeditions were conducted during and (Dillon 2009; Gengler-Nowak
1 et al. 2002, Huertas et
&
Niño &
after strong El yearsof 1983/84, 1997/98, 1987/88, al, 2007; Luebert Wen 2008; Moore Jansen 2006;
and 2002/03 These efforts have yielded several taxa new Simpson
et al. 2005).
.
to science (Dillon et al. 2007, Elisens 1992; Gómez-Sosa
&
1986; Krapovickas 1996; Robinson Moore Overall Diversity
2004).
Several have
studies contributed to the general
knowledge
and description of the Peruvian Desert and
/o/«as formations Dillon 1997;Ferreyra
(e.g., 1953, 1961,
1983; Leiva 2008; Rundel and
et al. et al. 1996, 2007),
some
have
addressed biogeographic questions from the
point of view of (Galán de Mera
its flora et al. 1997;
&
Lezama
Masuzawa
Dillon
(in prep.); 1986,
&
Dillon 1998; Dillon 2005; Pinto Luebert 2009).
«fe
Other authors have studies the community ecology and
productivity of regional formations Jiménez
(cf. et al.
Afew
998, 2004; Péfaur, 982). studies
1
1
sofPeruwith highd
genera, 14 spp], Tülandsia 12 spp
[3
genera, 84 Eragrostis 10 Paspalw
[38 spp], spp,
[44 genera, 78 spp], Ophyrosporus 7 spp, Senecio
genera, 27 Heliotropium
[7 spp.], 7 spp, Tiquilia
26
genera,
spp].
[11
[19 genera, 3 spp], Neoporteria 6 spp
1
64
genera, spp].
[31
Pata
genera, 52 spp]. 12 spp
[21
Solanaceae Nolana 38+ Solanum
[16 genera, 91 spp], spp, 2
Calceolariaceae Calceolaria 8 spp
Cyperaceae genera, 12 spp.], Cyperus 9 spp
[3
genera, 24 Alternanthera 9 spp
spp.],
[8
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis 9 spp
Peperom
a spp
8
i
genera, 8 spp.], Tetragonia 7 spp
[2
22 Ipomoea 9
genera, spp.], spp.
[8
Quinchamalium
7 spp
GH, HAO, HUSA, HUT, M, MA, MAK, MO,
K,
Acknowledgements
NY, SGO, UC, US, and USM. The
collection of
We
wish to thank the Curators and Collection specimen label data was supported, in parí, by grants
MOD
Managers DEB
at all herbaria visited, including but not to from the National Science Foundation
BM, CGE, CONC. CUZ. DEB BSR
restricted to: B, F, FI. 0415573, 9801297, 8513205, and National
07-
Arnaldoa
2011
18(1): 32,
Peruvian Lomas Formations
Checklist of the
Dillon ai: Floristic
et