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Handbooks of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources Series Editor: Anurudh Kumar Singh S. K. Datta Youdh Chand Gupta Editors Floriculture and Ornamental Plants Handbooks of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources SeriesEditor AnurudhKumarSingh,DepartmentofGenetics,M.D.University, Scholar-in-Residence,Rohtak,Haryana,India Agrobiodiversity refers to the variation found among plants, animals, fish, insects, microbes, avianetc., species useddirectlyorindirectly forfoodandagriculture.In caseofcropandcultivatedplantspecies,itmainlyreferstothegeneticdiversityof plantgeneticresources(PGR),foundintheformoflandracesandvarietiesofcrops species used for food, fodder, fibre, fuel, pharmaceuticals, etc., and breeds of livestock. As per the FAO definition, it may also include the diversity of non- harvested species that support production system (soil micro-organisms, predators, pollinators) of these species and those in the wider environment support that agroecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic) of their cultivation/production. However, the controlled genetic improvement of the cultivated species to facilitate continued breeding of cultigens with greater resilience to stresses and productivity is mainly dependent on overall genetic variation found in individuals belongingtothecultivatedspeciesand/ortheancestralspeciesrelatedtocultivated species. As these are the plant sources from where transfer of gene (genetic intro- gression) is possible through controlled breeding process of genetic improvement, incorporatingdesirablefeatures,theaccessibilitytotheinformationabouttheseplant genetic resources is key to the success of the breeding efforts. Therefore, compre- hensiveinformationisrequiredabouttheseresourcestofacilitatetheirconservation andlong-termsustainableuseinresearchandcropimprovement.Thepresenteffort of bringing out a series of volumes dealing with different crop groups containing comprehensivefilteredinformationregardingthesegeneticresourcesandtheavail- abilityofgeneticdiversityineachcropspeciesofthegroupisaimedatfacilitating theirpriorityconservationingenebanks,andresearchanduseincropimprovement. Plantgeneticresourcesarebasicbuildingblocksinthecropimprovementandthe quality of information and access to PGR is key to scientific efforts of genetic engineering of crops species, developing better cultigens, mitigating various chal- lengesposedbyincreasingpopulationandclimaticchange.Theproposedseriesof volumes compiles information regarding the available genetic diversity among variouscultivatedspeciesbelongingtodiversecropgroupsandwithinacropspecies of food and agriculture, from all possible perspectives of conservation and use (in geneticimprovement ofcultivated species). It wouldbe able to enlist most genetic resourcesavailableglobally,offeringopportunitiestobeusedingeneticengineering of crop species, and that would facilitate more predictive and productive genetic engineering programmes to breed new cultivars. The content of these volumes on agro-biodiversitywouldbeveryusefulfortechnology-poordevelopingcountriesas this is not going to cover only major food crops but the whole range of crop/ economic. (cid:129) S. K. Datta Youdh Chand Gupta Editors Floriculture and Ornamental Plants With199Figuresand72Tables Editors S.K.Datta YoudhChandGupta FloricultureDivision DepartmentofFloricultureandLandscape CSIR-NationalBotanicalResearch Architecture Institute Y.S.ParmerUniversityofHorticultureand Lucknow,India Forestry Solan,HP,India BoseInstitute Kolkata,India DepartmentofPlantScience andBiotechnology AssamUniversity Silchar,Assam,India ISBN978-981-15-3517-8 ISBN978-981-15-3518-5(eBook) ISBN978-981-15-3519-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3518-5 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword Crop diversity, the source of genetic variation, provides the building block for genetic enhancement/improvement of crop species to overcome productivity con- straintsandincreaseproductivityperseofeconomiccomponents. Availability of useful genetic variation commonly referred to as plant genetic resources(PGR)iskeytogeneticimprovementcrops.Managementofthesegenetic resources therefore becomes very important for research and assessment of their potentialvalue,whichfacilitatetheireffectiveuseincropimprovementforsustain- ableagriculturedevelopmentofanyspecificnationandtheworldatlarge.Therefore, the review progress in relation PGR management activities, such as collection, characterization, evaluation, conservation, and documentation of generated infor- mationandmechanismevolvedforsustainablehandlingoftheseresourcesfortheir effective use in cultivar development to achieve food and nutritional security at national and global level at regular intervals, becomes very essential to keep pace with the development in this regard. Such efforts also help to develop awareness regardingthepotentialvalueofcropdiversityandidentificationofgaps. Thus, more than the availability of these resources, generation of information about the potential value of these genetic resources through systematic scientific research,involvingtheircharacterization andevaluationusingappropriatetechnol- ogies, is more important. Access to this generated information is a must for researchers and plant breeders globally to facilitate their effective use in crop improvement,thatis,toraisetheproductivityoftargetcropspecies. SincethetimeofVavilov(1935),realizingtheimportancecropdiversityingenetic improvement of crop species, a significant progress has been made since the early twentieth century towards collection, characterization, evaluation, conservation, and information documentation regarding PGR at the national and international level in searchofnewgene(s)/sourcesandtheiruseincropimprovement.Theseeffortsgota furtherboostwiththeestablishmentoftheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgri- cultural Research (CGIAR) and International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) in 1974 under its auspices. The establishment commodity International AgriculturalResearchCenters(IARCs),withaPlantGeneticResourcesUnit,which functioned as centralized repositories, led to effective conservation of PGR. These initiatives/efforts resultedinassemblyofa largenumberofcollections/accessionsin mostmandatedcrops,particularlyfoodandforagecropsthroughtheparticipationof v vi Foreword the international community in collection missions and donation of national collections.However, the enforcement ofCBD (1993), which madethenations sovereign ownersofPGRfoundwithintheirpoliticalboundariesrestrictedaccesstoPGR,which arenowgovernedeitherbythebilateralsystemsbetweenthenationsortheprovisions of multilateral systems, such as International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for FoodandAgriculture(ITPGRFA,2001)andNagoyaProtocol(2011). Duringthisperiod,supportingsystems,includingdatabaseswithinformationon globalPGRforfoodandagriculture,werealsodevelopedforinformationdissemi- nationaboutPGRtopromoteuseincropimprovement.Forexample,system-wide information network on genetic resources (SINGER) was developed about the conserved at the IARCs and the Global Information System, based on a central registryofcooperators(contractingparties)developedunderauspicesofITPGRFA. However,thesearemechanicalsystemswithoutmuchspecificanalysisortailor-made filteredinformationonPGRtosupportgreateruse.Consequently,theestimateduse ofPGRincropimprovementandresearchatthenationalandgloballevelhasalmost remainedstatic.Accesstothisinformationhasbeenamajorstumblingblockinthe underdevelopedanddevelopingworld,limitingtheiruseingeneticimprovementof cropspecies,particularly incase ofcropsofmarginalimportanceorunder-utilized cropsthatarethestaplefoodoreconomicbackbone ofmanyoftheseregions,and adverselyaffectingfoodandnutritionalsecurityandeconomyofthesenations. For these reasons, it was felt there is a need to bring out a comprehensive publicationwithadditionalaccessoryandsupplementaryinformationwithanalyses and specifically filtered information about genetic resources of breeding value that can help promote greater research, accelerate the search for new gene(s)/allele(s), revealingtheopportunitiesavailableforexploitationofPGRingeneticengineering of new cultivars to meet upcoming challenges of crop improvement and diversifi- cation. Further, such analyses will help identify gaps in relation to geographical regionsandgeneticdiversity,forfuturesearchofgenes/collections. The series Handbook of Crop Diversity: Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resourcesisanattemptinthisdirectiontofillexistinggapsinaccesstoinformation/ disseminationforunderdevelopedanddevelopingcountries,whichdonothaveaccess orexpertisetohandlerecentdevelopment/revolutionininformationtechnologiesand Internetfacilitiescarryingvastinformation.Thevolumeonfloricultureandornamental crops, which are relatively neglected crops, because of being considered accessory crops for industry, trade, and economy, becomes a very important milestone in this regard.Theeffortmaypresentnewopportunitiestoresearchersandbreederstodevelop improvedcultivars.Whereasimprovedanddiversecultivar(keyattraction)andyield can contribute greatly to providing additional income to farmers, thereby helping in povertyalleviationandimprovingnationaleconomy.Icongratulatethevolumeeditors and chapter authors for their effort and hope it will serve as a compendium of informationforconcernedresearchers,breeders,teachers,andstudents. SeriesEditor Preface Floriculture is a fast-emerging and highly competitive industry. It is one of the important high-value agricultural industries in many countries of the world. Com- mercialfloriculturehasbecomeaverypopularandimportantsectorwhichprovides livelihoodsecuritytosmallandmarginalfarmersbesidesprovidingampleopportu- nities for domestic and export markets. Floriculture business covers all aspects related to germplasm collection/exploitation and enhancement, cut flowers and foliage, dry flowers and plant parts, potted flowering and foliage plant, flower seeds,bulbs,tubers,corms,tissuecultureplants,essentialoils,andflowerperfumes. Thebookcompriseschaptershavinganauthoritativereviewonvariouscomponents plant genetic resources activities of most important floriculture/ornamental crop speciesofnational,regional,andglobalvalue.Thechaptersaccountformostaspects of current interest and progress in the field of floriculture. The volume contains chaptersonrespectiveimportantfloriculturecrops,writtenbyspecialistsandsubject experts in the floriculture discipline. The chapters also attempt to provide an illustrated account of the milestone achieved, gaps, and the future direction in which the management of PGR should move for more sustainable conservation andusetoengineernewcultigenstoachievethenationaltargetofproductivityinan overallenvironmentfriendlymannerthatwouldcontributetolivelihoodsupportand povertyalleviationofruralpoor,besidesthenationalincome.Theeditorsacknowl- edge the contributions of the respective authors, who have tried to bring out the informationinauniformstructureforafocusedpresentation. The book covers all important ornamental crops under various chapters as per their economic importance and available information. Chapters provide in-depth information under the headings – introduction, botany and distribution, origin/ domestication, and spread of various genetic resources belonging to various gene pools, including wild relatives, status of their collections, characterization, evaluation,andconservation.Also,theyrefertomajorconstraintsincropproduction.List of genetic resources with genes conferring resistance to various biotic and abiotic stressesanddesiredcommercialtraits,andextentoftheiruseinbreedingprograms fordevelopmentofnewgeneticstockswithdesiredtraits,andcultigens,etc. It is hoped that this handbook will stand by its definition and serve as a handy reference book with filtered information that would be useful to genetic resources managers,researchers,policymakers,teachers,andresearchscholars.Theinformation, vii viii Preface particularlyonavailabilityofPGRglobally,alongwithspecificsource,wherefromthey canbeprocuredforuseinbreedingprograms,particularlytoovercomevariouscrop productionconstraintsandtoimproveproductivityandquality,shouldbeofgreathelp indevelopingresilientanddiversecultivarsofornamentalplantspecies.Thebookwill functionnotonlyasreferencebookoncollection,characterization,evaluation,conservation, and use of plant genetic resources in present and future breeding programs, concentratingonincreasedresilienceagainstvariousstressesandproductivity,butalso forvalueadditionanddiversificationoftheconcernedcropspeciesanddomestication or direct use of potential wild and weedy relatives. To make the effort dynamic, Springer is going to have provisions for regular updates of the chapters with new informationbytheconcernedauthor(s)toensureitspresentandfutureuseformany yearstocome. Editors Contents 1 Marigold ............................................. 1 YoudhChandGupta,SapnaPanwar,NamitaBanyal, NeelamThakur,andM.R.Dhiman 2 Carnation ............................................ 25 SapnaPanwar,YoudhChandGupta,PoonamKumari,Neelam Thakur,andUzmaMehraj 3 Gladiolus ............................................. 47 M.R.Dhiman,NeelamThakur,YoudhChandGupta,andNeha Sharma 4 Lilium:Conservation,Characterization,andEvaluation ........ 81 M.R.Dhiman,PujaSharma,andBhavyaBhargava 5 Alstroemeria:Conservation,Characterization,andEvaluation ... 117 M.R.DhimanandBharatiKashyap 6 Rose ................................................. 153 S.K.Datta 7 Agro-Biodiversity:ConservationandUseofPlantGenetic Resources ............................................. 181 PujaSharma,BhavyaBhargava,PanchalSangmesh,andUjala 8 ValueAddition:DehydrationofFlowersandFoliageand FloralCraft ........................................... 219 SuhritaChakrabartyDasandS.K.Datta 9 TraditionalBulbousPlants ............................... 263 S.L.Chawla,KalkameCh.Momin,R.D.Pawar,KiranKumari,and SudhaPatil 10 Tuberose(PolyanthestuberosaLinn./Agaveamica) ............ 307 R.Sadhukhan,T.K.Chowdhuri,andS.K.Datta ix