Floral Scent Chemistry and Stamen Movement of Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link (Calycanthaceae)

2005·0.64 MB·English

by  Azuma, Hiroshi

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ISSN 1346-7565 ActuPhytotax.Geebot.56(2)1:97-201(200S)

Short
communication
FloralScent Chemistry Stamen Movement Chimonanthus
and of
(L.L)ink (Calycanthaceae)
praecox
HIROSHI AZUMAi, MASAO TOYOTA2 YOSHINORI ASAKAWA2
and
1Department ofBotatGzr}aLduateSthool ffyotoUhivensic1)<eVoto6,06-8502JZipan;Iilaculotfy
qf'SZ]ienc e,
PharmaceuticaSicience,7bkushimaBunriUitiverisi7Cb}klushima,770-8514Jdpan?

The fiora slcent of eniinonanthuspraec o(xL, L)ink (Calycantha Mcaegraieol;iids )was cellected by the
headspace method and analyzed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) T.he main
components of the fior a$lcents are benzyl acetate (42. %2), trans-&ocimene (24. %8), 1inalo (o1l7 .%2),
and benzyl alcohol (6. 9%). These compounds arc common in the scent profile sof many plants
throughout the angiosperms. In addition, the female and male stages (phas eofs t)hc protogynous, droop-
ing flower sef C. praecox f concolor Makino were observed. In the female phase the stamens are bent
toward the tepals away from the pistil ast a righ tangle. After approximately two days the stamens com-
mence to meve to enclese the pisti lIst ,takes from one to four days for the stamens to eventually enclosc
the pisti lisn the varieus flower sand then anthers shed their pollen,
Key words: fragranc ef,iora bliology p,rotogynous, volatiles,Magnoliids
Flora lscent is an importan tinsec tattractant and Materials and Methods
undoubtedly played a key role in the evolution of
reproductive systems of flowerin pglant (sPellm &yr Samples of flora lscent were collected from five
Thien 1986). However, the flora slcent chemistries cultivated plant s(thr ienedividua olfs animonanthus
ofmost native and cultivated plant shave not been pvaecax and two of C praecox f eoncolor Makino)
(Knudsen 1993). -
analyzed et al. and analyzed using gas chromatography mass
This study analyzed the flora slcent emitted spectrometry (GC-MS) from January 14 to 23,
from the yellow and nectarless fiowers of Chimo- 2001. Twigs (n== w5it)h attached flower s(17-28
nanthus praecox (L, L)ink (Calycantha cnaetiavee),flower sf individua lw)ere placed in water and
to southeastern China and widely cultivated in gar- enclosed in a polypropylene bag, The air in the bag
dens ,1[Ih pelant sof C praecax, commonly known as was sampled using a mini-pump with a flow rate of
winter sweet, fiowe rDecember to February in Japan. 150mlfmin via a cartridge containing 50 mg of
In addition, we recorded the conspicuous move- adserbent, Tenax [II A60f80 mesh, (inser itn etdhe
ments ofthe starnens in relation to the fimction lailfe line )fbr fbur hours within 11:OO-17:O OT.he scent
of the fiower ,Flora lmovements are comrnon in volatiles trapped on the adsorbent were eluted with
other protogynou Msagnoliids (Endre 1s9s90, Thien 300 pt 1dieth yelther, A lO pl aliquo otfnonyl acetate
et aL 2000). solution (O. m5glml dichloromethan wea)s added to
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198 APG Vbl.56

all samples as an intema lstandard to calculate 9,6 )tr,ans-B-ocimene (24 .98,6 )l,inalo o(l17 .g2,6 )an,d
amounts of the volatiles. [Pwo pt 1of the eluent was benzy lalcoho l(6. %9). These compounds are com-
used for GC-MS analysis. Controls tpolypropylemonne in the scent profil eofsmany plant sthroughout
bag and twigs with no flowers w)ere simultaneous- the angiosperms (Knuds eetn al. 1993). For exam-
ly collected fbr all samples. Further detai lofs floralple, benzyl acetate is the main component in the flo-
scent sampling and analysis are describe idn Azuma ral scent ofSZinsevieria cylindric a(Dracaenaceae)
(20012,002,2004).Observations (Knudse&nTollsten1993),Silene S.
et al, of starnen nutans,
moyement were conducted on one plan tof C, prae- dichotoma S, italic (aCaryophylt a(cKenaued)s e&n
cox £ concolor cultivated in the Kyoto University Tollsten 1993, Jurgens et al. 2002), Hesperis
Botanica lGarden firo mJanuar y25 to Februar y2, matronalis (Crucife r(aNei)els eetn al. 1995),
2001, CTdnkiabreweri(Onagracea(eR)agu&soPichersky

199S, Alareiss upsapy,ucet `Ns ,serotinzay (Amary11id-
Results and Discussion aceae) (Dobso net al. 1997) ,and several orchid
species (Willia &ms Whitten 1983, Gerlach &
Chemical thefivefioral Schill1991),In benzyl hasbeen
profile sof seent samples addition, acetate
collected from Chimonanthuspraeeo (xinclud fingused to trap various species ofbeetles in the fields
concotbr) are presente idn [fabl 1e. The main com- (lke det aal. 1993, Nakashima et al, 1994, Fuku-
penents ofthe fiora slcent are benzy lacetate (42.2 yama 1995) .The fior aslcent profi loef C[ praecax is
TABLE 1. Chernjca plrofil eosffioral scents emitted fum C]himenanthu pstuecex (inclu dii cnengcolor), Compouncls markzd with aster-
isk (* )were identifi ebdy mass spectra and GC-retentio ntimes of authentic cempounds,
Chimonanthuspftzecex f tconcolor Average
No. of fiower X sample 273.21 281.16 172.21 182,09 196.33
Total"g1fi14hrs 3.00
Benzenoitts
Benzealdehyde*i) O.61.6O.2421..357O..421,3539..301-13.)3O,942,23.59.9O.92t6r2.)84.41.241.6 1.76.9O.942,2<O.1
Benzylalcohol'
Methylbenzoate"i}
Benzyl acetatc*
Cinnarnyl acetate*
7larpenoitts
Limonene*i) O.3O.939.2131..80 1.1tr21.917.9 O.5O.343,5174.24 2.10324.8172
cis-B-Ocirnene"
huns-B-Ocimene* 19.319.4
Linalool' 20.9
2,6-dimethyl-
2,4,6-octatriene O.2 <O.1
Flatt ayeid derivatives
Undecane*i) trO.2trtr O.5O.84.42.O5.5O,7trtr o.oO.7O.7tr4.72.0 12O.91.0e.s
Dodecane*])
43 67 71 95 113
43 67 71 9S 113 tr
Meompozand
lndolc*fota1 1.3100 tr100 O,31OO
(%) 100 100 100

]} Tbese cornpeunds were also found in the controls (ba gand twigs with nQ flowers )with nearly equa1 amount.
2} trace amount.
3} not detected.
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August2005 AZUMA et alFloral scent and stamen movement of enimonanthus praecoy 199
u m . . .. .
if
Flb 1 Fcmalc and male stage Cphas fel)ower goi Chimonanthuspraecox f concotor Stamens ofthe female stage (phas ef)iower are
showing early mevement of stamcns Bar mdicdtes 1 cm
Afi 'da5"
-----.taFielk{,-"diN-
ge '(iii)
B ------------. Episs:" -'drI D-
ge
c ---------.,p?kta - 'driD - [itdi8

ee..".".----------F
as
D ny t(ili5N - '(ki)
qufir
E -----Fg;5FleiS\,mm 1(IS)
m--,-)'(M5L-
Ei7iiFii)si---.afi[s"eq
F 'dr:sN-es

G rtsifi i--i"t--s""b"+ mp " 'tciF ' [da5)
ge7if '(lll5N-
H
------mp-
eefif av-
I -----+dy-

SP'"""mp' O
J

Jan125 26 27 28 29 30 31 Febll 2
he 2 Stamen movement ofCinmonanthuypraecox f concotor Ten flowcrs (A J) were obgerved
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200 APG Vbl. S6
representative ofmany insec tpollinat espdecies of References
plant sA.lthough the pollinati boinolog yof C prae-
cox is not well studied, Liu et al. (199 9n)oted that Azuma, H,, M. [Ibyot &a Yl Asakawa, 2001, Intraspecific
the fiower wsere pollinate dby flie asnd honeybees. variation of fior asclent chemistry in Mtignoli akoints
There is no apparent differen cbeetwee cnhem- DC. (Magnoliac eJa. Pel)an.t Res. 114: 411-422.
ica lprofil eofs enimonanthu spraecox and C. pTue- , chemi,s try , To,f mIahngkraosvoe & H .p lTaonbte.s .J2. 00P2l.a nFt lRoersa,l sc1c1nt5:
cax f concolor in qualit aynd quantit oyfchemicals 47-53.
(Tal ]1)l .eHowever, one of three samples of the , M Rico-Gray ,J .G. Garcia-Franc oM,, foyota ,Y,
flor aslcent of C. prztecox lacked trans-B-ocimene Asakawa & L. B, Thien, 2004, Close relationship
and showed a larg eamount ofbenzyl acetate (59,O between Mexican and Chinese Mcrgnoli a(subtrepi-
v%a)ri aantdio no tihn erfl ocorm apsolcunednst che m(isTtrayb il1s )oe.f tIennt robasseprveecdific cu5a5ll: a d 1rai6nd7a- jf1u8i0n o,ocrf tMsaacglennotl iaancaelayes)cs. A citnaf Pehryrte fodrtoamx G.meoloebco-t,
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2001) and additional samples from natural popula- 1997 .Interspeci vfariication in fiora flragranc ewisth-
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variation offloral scent profil eisn C. praecox, Syst .Ecol. 25: 685-706.
p r o tTohgey nfoeurs n,darl oaoenpdin mga lfelo wsteargse sof (Cphhimaosn eaosnft) thhucs E nd radenadses ),Pf .,Mu Kenm.c .t1i9 oN9en0 wsi, En pvYrobilrkmuit Btioiot vn.o a fenGrgcaiprordso,pd eur5cmt5si: v5e- 3( 4sMt,raucgtnuroeslii-
f inFig.1.We
pvaecax concolor are shown observ- Fukuyama, K. 1995, How to study the canopy beetles in
ed the movement of the stamens and throughout a tropica lrain fores t-. research tria lin the Pasoh
the fiowerin ogften fiower s(on pelant F;igs ,1 & 2), Fores tReservc ,Peninsula Mralaysia T.ropics 4i 3 17-
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tepals away from the pisti lats a right angle (Fig s1, Gerlach ,G & R. Schil l1.991. Composition of orehid
& 2) .After approximately two days the stamens s3c7e9nt-s3 9a1tt.racting euglossinc bccs .Bot. Acta. 104:

commence to move to enclose the pisti l(sFi g2)., It lkeda,T.,E.Ohya, H,Makihara,T.Nakashima,A.Saitoh,

takes from one to fbur days fbr the stamens to even- K. Take & K. Kojima. 1993. 01factor yresponses
tuall yenclose the pistil isn the yarious flewer sand ofAnagmpttts sutz12isciatus Pic and Demonczx trcrnsilis
then anthers shed theirpollen (Fi g2)., The flowers Bates (Coleopt eCerraa:mbycidae )to fiewe rsccnts.
J.Jpn.For,Soc,75:108-112.
need to be self and cross- pollinate dby hand to
determin eif the plants can be inbree dand also to J tn :cgocmpn oAss.i,t, iTo.n Wit t i&n Gni.g hGto-tfltoswcbreirngg e2r0, 0S2i. lFelnoe wseperc isecsent
deterrni nthee function aplerio dof the femal estage. (Caryophylla cBeioacch)em.. Syst .Ecel .30i 383-
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The authors thank Kyoto Universit Byotanica ]Garden, compositien in moth-pollinated taxa. Bot, J .Linn.
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Researc hCente rofKyotQ Univcrsity ifor fiower materials, checklist of volatile compounds isolate bdy head-
We also thank Dr. L. B. Thien for revising the manuscript. space techniques. Phytochcmistr 3y3: 2S3-280.
This study was financial sluypported by JSPS Research Liu, H., Y, Xu & F. Yang. 1999. The fiowerin sgeason and
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Receivedlanuary a2005;aeceptedMarch P,2005

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