Flora of Manitoba..

536 Pages·1957·2.482 MB·English

by  H. J. Scoggan

CA NADA
DEPARTMENT OF NORTHERN AF FAIRS AND NATIONAL RESOURCES

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF CANADA

FLORA OF MANITOBA

BY

H. J. Scoggan

BULLETIN No. 140

BIOLOGICAL SERIES No. 47

Issued under the authority of The Minister of Northern Affairs and
National Resources Ottawa 1957
Price: $5.00
66906—1
SYSTEMATICSECTION
ARTIFICIAL K EY TO THE
FAMILIES OF VASCULAR PLANT S OF MANITOBA

PTERIDOPHYTA
Plants without true flowers, reproducing by spores (without an embryo) borne in
sporangia on the side of the leaves, in the leaf axils, or in terminal spike-like cones.
1. Stems conspicuously jointed, mostly hollow; leaves reduced to scales, these united at base into
nodal sheaths; sporangia borne in terminal spike-like cones ............................................ 1. Equisetaceae
1. Stems not conspicuously jointed. 2.
Leaves linear.
3. Stem short, corm-like, crowned by a rosette of quill-like leaves; aquatic plant ______ 4. Isoetaceae
3. Stem elongate, covered by scale-like overlapping leaves; terrestrial plants.
4. Leaves eligulate; spores uniformly minute, the sporangia borne either in the upper axil of
ordinary leaves or in terminal spikes or strobiles, these round in cross-section .........................
................................................................................................................................ 2. Lycopodiaceae
4. Leaves ligulate; spores of two kinds, the sporangia borne in terminal 4-sided strobiles ............
............................................................................................................................... 3. Selaginellaceae
2. Leaves (fronds) broad, the fertile ones bearing sporangia on the under side, or the fertile ones
sometimes much reduced.
5. Fertile fronds (or their fertile portions) similar to the sterile (except in Pteretis and Onoclea,
with sporangia covered by the rolled-up pinnules to form globular berry-like divisions) ...............
.................................................................................................................................... 7. Polypodiaceae
5. Fertile fronds (or their fertile portions) conspicuously unlike the sterile; sporangia naked.
6. Sporangia 2-ranked, in spikes or panicles apparently at the summit of the stem, the leaf-
like sterile portion lateral or basal; rhizome scarcely developed ................... 5. Ophioglossaceae
6. Sporangia not 2-ranked, borne on much modified divisions at the summit or middle of the
sterile frond; rhizomes stout .................................................................................. 6. Osmundaceae

SPERMATOPHYTA
Plants with true flowers containing stamens or pistils or both, reproducing by
seeds (each containing an embryo).
1. Ovules borne on an open scale, not enclosed; trees or shrubs with needle4ike or scale-like, mostly
evergreen leaves ................................................................................................. A. GYMNOSPERMAE
1. Ovules borne in a closed ovary which, at maturity, becomes the fruit; herbs or woody plants,
with broad or narrow, evergreen or deciduous leaves ....................................... B. ANGIOSPERMAE

A. GYMNOSPERMAE
1. Fruit red and berry-like; leaves spreading into two ranks, green on both sides ................... 8. Taxaceae
1. Fruit a cone, or bluish and berry-like; leaves not 2-ranked, but appearing so in Abies (with leaves
whitened beneath) ...................................................................................................................... 9. Pinaceae

B. ANGIOSPERMAE
1. Parts of the flower usually in 3's or 6's, never in 5's; embryo with a single cotyledon; leaves
chiefly parallel-veined............................................................................. I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
1. Parts of the flower mostly in 4's or 5's; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves
netted-veined ................................................................................................. II. DICOTYLEDONEAE
2
I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE
1. Plants floating or submersed, not rooting, distinct or forming tangled mats; true leaves wanting,
the single frond of each plant bearing the flowers (rare) and suspended roots ................ 20. Lemnaceae
1. Plants with true leaves (these sometimes reduced to scales), rooting in the substratum.
2. Plants immersed aquatics, rooting in the mud, the upper leaves often floating on the surface.
3. Flowers solitary in the axils of sheathing leaves or from spathes, monoecious or dioecious.
4. Pistillate flowers lacking a perianth; staminate flower (a single terminal stamen)
enclosed in a sac-like perianth ................................................................................. 13. Najadaceae
4. Pistillate and staminate flowers both with a perianth consisting of 3 small sepals and 3
small petals; stamens mostly 2 or 9 .............................................................. 16.
Hydrocharitaceae
3. Flowers clustered or in spikes or heads.
5. Flowers in globose heads, monoecious, the upper heads staminate, the lower ones pistillate;
leaves alternate .................................................................................................... 11. Sparganiaceae
5. Flowers clustered or in spikes, monoecious or perfect; leaves opposite or alternate ....................
.................................................................................................................................. 12. Zosteraceae
2. Plants of dry to marshy terrestrial habitats (if growing in water, the stems aerial). 6.
Perianth wanting, or consisting merely of bristles or scales.
7. Flowers enclosed or subtended by chaff-like scales (glumes); plants grass-like, with jointed
stems, sheathing leaves, and 1-seeded fruit.
8. Stems commonly hollow or with soft pith, round or flattened; leaf-sheaths usually
open; anthers attached at the middle .................................................................. 17. Gramineae
8. Stems usually solid and 3-angled; leaf-sheaths closed; anthers attached at the base .............
............................................................................................................................... 18. Cyperaceae
7. Flowers not enclosed in glumes.
9. Flowers monoecious, not on a fleshy axis; leaves elongate, linear, sessile.
10. Flowers densely crowded in a terminal spike staminate at summit, pistillate below;
perianth of hair-like bristles ........................................................................... 10. Typhaceae
10. Flowers in globose heads, the upper ones staminate, the lower pistillate; perianth
of flat scales ................................................................................................ 11. Sparganiaceae
9. Flowers monoecious or the lower ones perfect, crowded upon a fleshy axis (spadix)
subtended by a spathe; leaves broad, petioled ........................................................ 19. Araceae
6. Perianth (at least the calyx) present.
11. Flowers crowded upon a spadix subtended or enclosed by a spathe; perianth of 4 or 6
concave sepals .............................................................................................................. 19. Araceae
11. Flowers not on a spadix.
12. Perianth free from the ovary (ovary superior).
13. Carpels 3-many, distinct or separating at maturity.
14. Leaves grass-like or rush-like; perianth a single series of 6 greenish divisions;
carpels 3, nearly distinct, or 3-6, united until maturity ............... 14.
Juncaginaceae
14. Leaves broader, not grass-like; perianth of 3 greenish sepals and 3 white petals;
carpels numerous, distinct ............................................................... 15. Alismataceae
13. Carpels 3, united into a compound ovary.
15. Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so.
16. Perianth glumaceous, scarious to firm, green to brown or purplish; plant a
rush, with slender leaves or these reduced to sheaths; stamens 3 or 6 ..............
........................................................................................................... 22. Juncaceae
16. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid; leaves often broader; stamens 6 (excep-
tionally 4) ............................................................................................23. Liliaceae
15. Divisions of the perianth unlike, the sepals green, the petals white or variously
coloured.
17. Leaves narrow, alternate, parallel-veined, strongly sheathing the stem,
the uppermost spathe-like; flowers several .......................... 21. Commelinaceae
17. Leaves ovate, netted-veined, in a whorl of 3 below the solitary terminal
flower; (Trillium) ................................................................................ 23. Liliaceae
12. Perianth adnate to the ovary (ovary wholly or partly inferior).
18. Flowers regular or nearly so; fertile stamens 3 or 6.
19. Stamens 6; flowers yellow ...................................................... 24. Amaryllidaceae
19. Stamens 3; flowers pale blue to blue-violet ...................................... 25. Iridaceae
18. Flowers very irregular; fertile stamen 1 (in Cypripedium 2) ............ 26. Orchidaceae
3
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE
1. Corolla none; calyx present or absent. 2. Flowers
unisexual, either staminate or pistillate.
3. Plants parasitic on branches of trees; stem and branches jointed; leaves reduced to minute
scales; fruit a leathery berry ..................................................................................... 35.
Loranthaceae
3. Plants rooting in the ground, not parasitic on branches of trees. 4.
Trees or shrubs.
5. Leaves pinnately compound.
6. Leaflets mostly 3-5, entire or coarsely few-toothed or lobed; fruit 2 separable inequi-
lateral samaras ................................................................................................... 67. Aceraceae
6. Leaflets 5-11, more regularly and finely toothed, not lobed; fruit a single equilateral
samara ................................................................................................................... 90. Oleaceae
5. Leaves simple.
7. Leaves linear, evergreen, soon reflexed, 2*5-7 mm. long; sepals 3, petaloid; fruit a 6-9-
seeded black berry-like drupe ....................................................................... 64. Empetraceae
7. Leaves dilated, longer, spreading or ascending; fruit a dry capsule, nut, or usually winged
nutlet (berry-like only in Shepherdia).
8. Fruit berry-like; leaves opposite, scurfy with rusty scales beneath or silvery on
both sides; (Shepherdia) .......................................................................... 78. Elaeagnaceae
8. Fruit not berry-like; leaves alternate.
9. Fruit a many-seeded capsule, the seeds furnished with long silky down; plants
dioecious, with both kinds of flowers in catkins (aments)...................... 27. Salicaceae
9. Fruit a nut or nutlet.
10. Fruit an acorn (nut subtended by a scaly cup-shaped or saucer-shaped in-
volucre); leaves deeply lobed ................................................................ 30. Fagaceae
10. Fruit not an acorn.
11. Leaves sessile or nearly so, resinous-dotted; staminate and pistillate flowers
both in aments, the pistillate ones solitary under each entire
bract; nuts drupe-like ................................................................. 28. Myricaceae
11. Leaves distinctly petioled; staminate and pistillate flowers both in
aments, or (in Corylus) the pistillate ones capitate; nuts not drupe-like
....................................................................................................... 29. Betulaceae
4. Herbs.
12. Plant simmersed aquatics, rooting int he mud, the upper leaves sometimes floating on the
surface.
13. Leaves whorled, finely dissected into capillary to linear serrate divisions; fruit
ellipsoid, 4-5-5«5 mm. long; style 1 .................................................... 43. Ceratophyllaceae
13. Leaves opposite, linear to obovate, entire; fruit globose to ovoid, 4-lobed, not more
than 2-5 mm. long; styles 2 .................................................................... 63. Callitrichaceae
12. Plants terrestrial.
14. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound, the leaflets stalked; sepals petaloid or herbaceous;
inflorescence a panicle; (Thalictrum) ........................................... .45. Banunculaceae
14. Leaves simple.
15. Nodes of stem and panicled racemes covered by tubular sheaths (ocreae); leaves acid,
at least the basal ones hastate or sagittate; fruit a 3-angled achene;
(Bumex) ............................................................................................... 37. Polygonaceae
15. Nodes without tubular sheaths.
16. Leaves cordate mostly 3-5 (-7)-lobed or those of the branches sometimes
uncleft; plant twining, harshly scabrous .......................... .32. Cannabinaceae
16. Leaves not obviously lobed; plants not twining.
17. Calyx wanting, the flowers borne from the base of a calyx-like involucre
(cyathium) with coloured glands near summit, the glands sometimes
with petaloid appendages ..................................................... 62. Euphorbiaceae
17. Calyx present, at least in staminate flowers.
18. Leaves opposite, petioled; stinging bristles present; (Urtica) ...................
............................................................................................... 33. Urticaceae
18. Leaves alternate.
19. Stinging bristles present; staminate and pistillate flowers clustered
in loose cymes; leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely tipped;
(Laportea) ........................................................................ 33. Urticaceae
19. Stinging bristles absent; staminate (or all flowers) in spikes! or
heads.
4
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
20. Spikes or heads of flowers close or continuous.
21. Staminate and pistillate (and perfect) flowers intermixed
in axillary involucrate-bracted cymose clusters; leaves
thin; (Parietaria) ..................................................33. Urticaceae
21. Staminate flowers in slender spikes terminating otherwise
pistillate flowering branches of the paniculate inflorescence;
pistillate flowers solitary in the axils; leaves firm; (Axyris)
..................................................................... 38.
Chenopodiaceae
20. Spikes or heads of flowers interrupted.
22. Flowers bracted at base, the bracts and sepals scarious...
. .............................. 39. Amaranthaceae
22. Flowers bractless; sepals herbaceous or fleshy ........................
..................................................................... 38. Chenopodiaceae
2. Flowers (or at least some in each inflorescence) with both stamens and pistil. 23.
Trees, shrubs or climbers.
24. Plants climbing by the bending stalks of the compound leaves; styles long and plumose;
(Clematis) ......................................................................................................... 45.
Ranunculaceae
24. Plants not climbing; leaves simple.
25. Leaves silvery-scurfy on both sides; flowers pale yellow inside, silvery outside; fruit
silvery, 8-10 mm. long; (Elaeagnus) ........................................................... 78. Elaeagnaceae
25. Leaves not scurfy.
26. Leaves opposite, palmately veined; styles 2; fruit 2 separable 1-seeded samaras
or "keys" ........................................................................................................67. Aceraceae
26. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined.
27. Low shrub; fruit a black 3-seeded drupe; style 1; leaves symmetrical at base;
(Rhamnus) ........................................................................................ 69. Rhamnaceae
27. Trees; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or a 1-seeded elliptic samara; leaves oblique at
base, one margin longer than the other .............................................. 31. Ulmaceae
23. Herbs.
28. Plants aquatic, the submersed whorled leaves pinnately dissected into capillary divi-
sions; flowers sessile in the axils of entire or pinnate bracts near summit of stem; stamens
8 ........................................................................................................................... 81. Haloragaceae
28. Plants terrestrial.
29. Leaves (at least the lower) deeply lobed or divided (if unlobed, the sepals petallike).
30. Stamens 2; sepals not petal-like; pistil 1; (Lepidium).............................. 50. Cruciferae
30. Stamens numerous; sepals often petal-like; pistils few to many ...................................
.............................................................................................................. 45. Ranunculaceae
29. Leaves neither deeply lobed nor divided; sepals not petal-like.
31. Calyx free from the ovary (ovary superior).
32. Stem very succulent, the flowers deeply immersed in the hollows of its joints;
leaves reduced to appressed opposite scale; (Salicornia) _____38. Chenopodiaceae
32. Stems only slightly, if at all, succulent; leaves normal. 33.
Leaves mostly alternate.
34. Nodes of stem and inflorescence mostly covered by tubular sheaths
(ocreae), ................................................................................ 37. Polygonaceae
34. Nodes not covered by tubular sheaths ........................... 38. Chenopodiaceae
33. Leaves opposite.
35. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, fleshy, the flowers solitary in
their axils; plant of wet saline habitats; (Glaux) .............. 89. Primulaceae
35. Leaves linear-lanceolate to broadly ovate, not fleshy; inflorescence a
terminal panicle, each flower-cluster subtended by a broad
open corolla-like involucre; plants of dry prairie habitats ..........................
.......................................................................................... 40. Nyctaginaceae
31. Calyx adnate to the ovary (ovary inferior).
36. Leaves in whorls of 3-12, with flowers in middle and upper axils; aquatics...
....................................................................................................... 82. Hippuridaceae
36. Leaves not whorled.
37. Plants stemless, with a single pair of broadly reniform leaves; calyx
large, 3-lobed, purple-brown .............................................. .36. Aristolochiaceae
37. Plants leafy-stemmed; calyx small, 4-5 lobed.
38. Leaves linear to ovate, alternate; stamens 5; style 1; fruit a dry nut
or berry-like; root-parasitic terrestrial plants. .................... 34. Santalaceae
5
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
38. Leaves roundish or round-reniform, opposite or alternate; stamens 4-10;
styles 2; fruit a many-seeded capsule; plants sub-aquatic, with prostrate
stems; (Chrysosplenium) ........................................................ 55.
Saxifragaceae
1. Corolla and calyx both present.
39. Stems spiny, thickened and very fleshy, globular or flattened and jointed, without green leaves;
flowers large and showy, yellow or purple; plants chiefly of dry sandy prairie habitats
............................................................................................................................................ 77. Cactaceae
39. Stems otherwise; leaves mostly normal and green.
40. Corolla of separate petals (in Amorpha, the petal solitary). 41.
Trees, shrubs or climbers. 42. Plants climbing.
43. Leaves opposite, compound, their stalks twisting around supports; styles long
and plumose; (Clematis) .................................................................... 45.
Ranunculaceae
43. Leaves alternate; styles not plumose.
44. Plants climbing by tendrils; leaves simple or digitately compound .......................
................................................................................................................ 70. Vitaceae
44. Plants climbing by twining of the stem; leaves simple.
45. Leaves round-cordate, broadly 3-7-lobed, peltate near the edge of the
basal sinus; petals 6-8; fruit a black 1-seeded drupe ___ 47. Menispermaceae
45. Leaves ovate-oblong, finely serrate; petals 5; fruit an orange or orange-
yellow 3-6-seeded capsule ..........................................................66. Celastraceae
42. Plants not climbing.
46. Leaves compound, alternate.
47. Petal (the standard) solitary; stamens 10, united at the very base; fruit a
legume; (Amorpha) ........................................................................ 57. Leguminosae
47. Petals 5; stamens distinct to base; fruit not a legume.
48. Stamens numerous; flowers perfect............................................... 56. Rosaceae
48. Stamens 5; flowers dioecious or polygamous ....................... 65. Anacardiaceae
46. Leaves simple.
49. Fruit 2 separable 1-seeded samaras or "keys"; styles 2; leaves opposite,
palmately veined ................................................................................. 67. Aceraceae
49. Fruit not a samara.
50. Anthers opening by pores or chinks.
51. Stem armed with prickles at the nodes; sepals and petals 6; (Berberis)
.......................................................................................... 46. Berberidaceae
51. Stem unarmed; sepals and petals 5.
Anthers erect, opening by apical pores.................................. 87. Ericaceae
Anthers inverted, opening by basal (apparently apical) pores ...................
................................................................................................86. Pyrolaceae
50. Anthers not opening by pores or chinks.
52. Leaves opposite or clustered toward the ends of the twigs; inflorescence
a cyme; fruit a drupe ............................................................... 85. Cornaceae
52. Leaves alternate.
53. Stamens 5.
54. Fruit dry, 3-lobed, splitting into three 1-seeded carpels;
stamens opposite the petals; plants of dry sandy habitats;
(Ceanothus) .............................................................. 69. Rhamnaceae
54. Fruit a many-seeded berry; stamens opposite the calyx-
segments; (Ribes) .................................................. 55. Saxifragaceae
53. Stamens numerous.
55. Filaments free; peduncle not united to a tongue-shaped bract
....................................................................................... 56. Rosaceae
55. Filaments cohering with each other in 5 groups; peduncle united
to a tongue-shaped bract aiding in dispersal of the fruit ...............
....................................................................................... 71. Tiliaceae
41. Herbs.
56. Plants aquatic, the leaves submersed or floating on the surface.
57. Leaves mostly submersed, coarsely to finely dissected, covering the stem.
58. Flowers monoecious, sessile in the axils of entire or pinnate bracts near
summit of stem, the lower ones pistillate, the upper staminate; stamens 8..
............................................................................................................. 81. Haloragaceae
6
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
58. Flowers perfect, pedicelled; stamens usually more numerous; (Ranunculus)..
..................................................................................................... 45. Ranunculaceae
57. Leaves mostly floating, suborbicular to reniform, entire except for the basal
sinus; flowers perfect; petioles and peduncles arising from rhizomes ........................
.......................................................................................................... 44. Nymphaeaceae
56. Plants terrestrial, of dry to swampy or muddy habitats. 59.
Anthers opening by apical pores or lids.
60. Leaves ternately compound, not evergreen; sepals, petals, and stamens 6;
anthers opening by 2 valves or lids hinged at the top; (Caulophyllum) ..............
..................................................................................................... 46. Berberidaceae
60. Leaves simple and evergreen (sometimes reduced to scales); sepals and petals
mostly 5; stamens mostly 10; anthers inverted, opening by basal (apparently
apical) pores ...................................................................................... 86. Pyrolaceae
59. Anthers not opening by pores or lids.
61. Ovary inferior, adnate to or enclosed by the calyx-tube. 62.
Leaves simple.
63. Flowers in a dense head-like cyme subtended by 4 broad white or
purple-tipped petaloid bracts ............................................... 85. Cornaceae
63. Flowers neither cymose nor subtended by a petaloid involucre.
64. Ovary and capsule surrounded by calyx-tube but free from it;
flowers purple; leaves opposite or whorled in 3's .......... 79. Lythraceae
64. Ovary and capsule fused to calyx-tube.
65. Leaves alternate, coarsely and sharply dentate, very adhesive by the
barbed pubescence; petals 10, white or pale yellow, up
to 6 cm. long; stamens abundant ............................. 76. Loasaceae
65. Leaves alternate or opposite, not adhesive; petals 2 or 4,
smaller; stamens mostly 8 ...................................... 80. Onagraceae
62. Leaves compound, mostly alternate.
66. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme of yellow flowers; throat of calyx-
tube beset with hooked bristles; stamens 5-15, inserted on the calyx;
(Agrimonia).............................................................................. 56. Rosaceae
66. Inflorescence a simple or compound umbel; stamens 5, inserted on a disk
crowning the ovary at base of the styles.
67. Fruit 2 seed-like dry 1-seeded carpels cohering by their inner face,
separating when ripe; styles 2 ................................. 84. Umbelliferae
67. Fruit a 5-seeded blackish drupe; styles usually more than 2 .............
......................................................................................... 83. Araliaceae
61. Ovary superior, not enclosed by or covered by the calyx-tube. 68.
Plants insectivorous, of boggy habitats; leaves all basal.
69. Leaves hollow, pitcher-shaped, usually partly filled with water,
tipped by an erect reniform hood covered with reflexed bristles;
flower large, solitary, deep purple ............................... 52. Sarraceniaceae
69. Leaves linear to suborbicular, covered with gland-tipped hairs;
flowers small, in a 1-sided simple raceme-like inflorescence....................
............................................................................................ 53. Droseraceae
68, Plants not insectivorous, mostly of drier habitats.
70. Flowers irregular.
71. Stamens 5 or 6.
72. Stamens 5; leaves simple (deeply cleft in one species of Viola). 73.
Petals 5, the lower one spurred at base; sepals 5, auricled;
flowers white, yellow, or purplish ...................... 75. Violaceae
73. Petals 2, 2-lobed; sepals 4, one of them spurred at base; flowers pale
yellow to orange, usually dotted with brown
^ or crimson ...................................................... 68. Balsaminaceae
72. Stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 each; petals 4, in 2 pairs, one of them
saccate at base; sepals scale-like; leaves compound .....................
............................................................................. 48. Papaveraceae
71. Stamens 15-20; sepals and petals 6; flowers pale yellow; leaves
irregularly pinnate or bipinnatifid ................................ 51. Resedaceae
70. Flowers regular or nearly so.
74. Stamens borne on the receptacle.

66906-4
7
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
75. Sepals or cjalyx-lobes 2.
76. Sap watery; petals 5; stamens 5-12; seeds borne on stalks
from the base of the capsule .......................... 41. Portulacaceae
76. Sap milky or orange-red; petals 4 or 6-12; stamens many;
seeds borne on the wall of the capsule .......... 48. Papaveraceae
75. Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-7.
77. Stamens 6, tetradynamous (4 long and 2 short); sepals and
petals 4 ................................................................. 50. Cruciferae
77. Stamens 4-many (if 6, not tetradynamous).
78. Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6 or about 11; leaves com-
pound, with 3 leaflets ............................ 49. Capparidaceae
78, Sepals and petals mostly 5.
79. Pistil solitary; fruit a capsule; stamens 4-10; leaves
simple, mostly entire and opposite.................................
......................................................... 42. Caryophyllaceae
79. Pistils few to many, distinct; fruit either capsules,
achenes, or berries; stamens often more than 10; leaves
simple or compound, entire or toothed or lobed, mostly
alternate or basal.. .45. Ranunculaceae
74. Stamens adnate to base of perianth or inserted on a disk or thickened
zone beneath the ovary. 80. Leaves compound.
81. Carpels 2-many, distinct, forming achenes or drupelets;
stamens usually numerous ............................ ___ 56. Rosaceae
81. Carpels united into a compound ovary; fruit a capsule:
stamens 5 or 10.
82. Leaflets 3, obcordate, acid to taste; filaments united
into a tube; mature carpels many-seeded ...........................
...................................................................... 59.
Oxalidaceae
82. Leaflets 3-several, the divisions pinnatifid; filaments
distinct; carpels 1-seeded ............................ 60. Geraniaceae
80. Leaves simple, entire to deeply cleft.
83. Stamens numerous, united into a central column around
the pistil; leaves alternate, shallowly lobed to deeply cleft
............................................................................... 72. Malvaceae
83. Stamens 4-many, distinct or united only at base. 84.
Leaves mostly opposite.
85. Leaves entire, sessile or nearly so, dotted; stamens
9-many, often in 3-5 clusters .................. 73. Guttiferae
85. Leaves toothed to deeply cleft; stamens 5-10, not in
clusters.
86. Carpels4-5, distinct, many-seeded; petals creamy
or greenish-yellow; leaves succulent, coarsely
toothed ............................................ 54. Crassulaceae
86. Carpels 1-seeded, united into a compound ovary;
petals white to roseate or purple; leaves deeply
cleft ...................................................60. Geraniaceae
84. Leaves mostly alternate or basal (scale-like and strongly
overlapping in the heath-like genus Hudsonia). 87.
Stamens 5 or 10.
88. Stamens 5, their filaments united at base; leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate, entire ....... 58. Linaceae
88. Stamens 10, distinct (if 5, the leaves broader and
chiefly basal) .................................. 55. Saxifragaceae
87. Stamens indefinite. #
89. Carpels several, distinct, forming plumose-
styled achenes or yellowish drupelets; leaves
lanceolate to round-reniform; (Dryas; Rubus).
............................................................... 56. Rosaceae
89. Carpels united into a compound ovary; fruit a
capsule; leaves linear and scale-like to oblong-
lanceolate ............................................. 74. Cistaceae
8
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
40. Corolla with petals more or less united.
90. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. 91.
Leaves simple, entire to deeply lobed.
92. Flowers very irregular; petals 3, connected with the stamen-tube; leaves entire
or finely toothed .................................................................................... 61. Polygalaceae
92. Flowers regular or nearly so.
93. Stamens numerous, united into a central column around the pistil; leaves
shallowly lobed to deeply cleft ........................................................... 72. Malvaceae
93. Stamens 8 or 10, distinct; leaves entire or finely toothed ................ 87. Ericaceae
91. Leaves, at least the lower ones, compound. 94.
Flowers regular.
95. Leaflets 3, obcordate, acid to taste; filaments united into a tube ..........................
........................................................................................................... 59. Oxalidaceae
95. Leaflets mostly 5 or more, not obcordate.
96. Stamens numerous, united into a central column around the pistil; flowers
large, coppery-scarlet or brick-red; leaves palmately divided; (Sphaer-
alcea) .............................................................................................. 72. Malvaceae
96. Stamens 8-12, distinct or partly united in pairs; flowers small, greenish or
yellowish, capitate; radical leaves 1-3-ternate, those of the stem 3-
cleft or 3-parted ........................................................................... 108. Adoxaceae
94. Flowers very irregular.
97. Sepals 2; petals in 2 pairs; stamens 2 sets of 3 each, their filaments often
united; leaves exstipulate, the leaflets finely dissected ............. 48. Papaveraceae
97. Sepals united, the calyx-tube 4-5-toothed; petals usually 5, the corolla more or
less distinctly papilionaceous; stamens 10, 9 or all of them united into a tube (or
all distinct in Thermopsis); leaves stipulate, the leaflets entire or
toothed ............................................................................................ 57. Leguminosae
90. Stamens not more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.
98. Shrubs, climbers, or trailing or tufted evergreen plants; stamens alternate with
corolla-lobes or fewer in number.
99. Plants climbing, or evergreen and trailing or tufted. 100.
Plants climbing; leaves alternate.
101. Plants climbing by twisting of the stem around supports; flowers perfect;
ovary superior, free from the calyx-tube, forming a 2-6-seeded capsule;
leaves broad and green or (in Cuscuta) reduced to a few minute
scales .................................................................................. 94. Convolvulaceae
101. Plants climbing by tendrils; flowers monoecious or dioecious; ovary
inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube, forming a fleshy fruit (pepo); leaves
normal ............................................................................... 111. Cucurbitaceae
100. Plants trailing or tufted, evergreen; leaves opposite.
102. Leaves rounded-oval, sparingly crenate; peduncles 2-flowered; ovary
inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube; plant trailing; (Linnaea) .........................
.......................................................................................... 107. Caprifoliaceae
102. Leaves crowded, narrowly spatulate, cartilaginous, entire; peduncles
1-flowered; ovary superior, free from the calyx-tube; dwarf tufted
plant of the far-northern regions ...................................... 88. Diapensiaceae
99. Shrubs.
103. Ovary superior, free from the calyx-tube; anthers upright, opening by
terminal pores .................................................................................... 87. Ericaceae
103. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx-tube; anthers not opening by terminal
pores.......................................................................................... 107. Caprifoliaceae
98. Herbs.
104. Stamens of same number as corolla-lobes and opposite them. .89. Primulaceae 104.
Stamens alternate with corolla-lobes or fewer. 105. Ovary inferior, adherent to the
calyx-tube.
106. Flowers crowded in a dense head on a common receptacle, surrounded by
an involucre; fruit a dry seed-like achene.
107. Anthers separate; limb of calyx mostly 8-awned; corollas lilac;
leaves deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid .................... 110. Dipsacaceae
107. Anthers united into a tube; limb of calyx (pappus) crowning
summit of ovary in the form of bristles, awns, scales, or teeth,
or sometimes wanting ................................................ 113. Compositae

66906-4H
9
II. DICOTYLEDONEAE—Continued
106. Flowers not in dense heads.
108. Leaves alternate; stamens 5, their anthers free or united into a
tube ........................................................................112. Campanulaceae
108. Leaves opposite or whorled; anthers free.
109. Stamens 3, always fewer than corolla-lobes; calyx-limb
becoming pappus-like; leaves opposite .......... 109. Valerianaceae
109. Stamens 4-5; calyx-limb (when present) not pappus-like;
leaves opposite or whorled .................................... 106. Rubiaceae
105. Ovary superior, free from the corolla-tube.
110. Corolla irregular.
111. Plants root-parasitic, without chlorophyll or true leaves; stamens
4 ................................................................................ 102.
Orobanchaceae
111. Plants not parasitic; leaves normal.
112. Fertile stamens 5; corolla funnelform, oblique, dull yellowish
with purple veins; fruit a capsule, the top falling off like a lid;
plant clammy-pubescent; (Hyoscyamus) ............ 100. Solanaceae
112. Fertile stamens 2 or 4.
113. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, strictly reflexed; flowers roseate to
purplish, oppositely paired in slender terminal spikes...
..................................................................... 104. Phrymaceae
113. Fruit mostly 4-many-seeded, not strictly reflexed.
114. Ovary 4-lobed or 4-parted, each lobe forming a seed-
like nutlet or achene at base of style; stamens a
single pair or 2 pairs of unequal length; leaves
opposite; stem square................................. 99. Labiatae
114. Ovary unlobed, forming a usually several-many-seeded
capsule tipped by the style. 115. Plants insectivorous, aquatic
(with bladder-traps borne on branches or finely dissected
submersed leaves) or terrestrial (with rosettes of entire broad
leaves); stamens 2; capsule 1-
locular................................... 103.
Lentibulariaceae
115. Plants not insectivorous; stamens 2 or 2 pairs
of unequal length; capsule 2-locular .....................
............................................. 101. Scrophulariaceae
110. Corolla regular or nearly so.
116. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
117. Anthers 4, in pairs; fruit separating into 4 nutlets; leaves
opposite ................................................................ 98. Verbenaceae
117. Anthers 2.
118. Fruit a 2-locular capsule, the top falling off like a lid;
leaves in a basal rosette .........................105. Plantaginaceae
118. Fruit consisting of 4 seed-like nutlets or achenes at base
of style; leaves opposite on the square stem.99. Labiatae
116. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
119. Stems square .............................................................. 99. Labiatae
119. Stems roundish.
120. Ovary deeply 4-lobed (unlobed only in Heliotropium, but
fruit of this 4-lobed), forming 4 seed-like nutlets around
base of style; leaves alternate.. .97. Boraginaceae
120. Ovary unlobed.
121. Fruit a many-seeded follicle (dry carpel splitting
down one side), the seeds with a coma; plants
with acrid milky juice ................................................ 122
121. Fruit a capsule or berry, the seeds without a coma;
plants without milky juice ........................................ 123
122. Filaments united into a tube, the anthers permanently connected with the stigma; flowers with
a 5-parted crown between the corolla and the stamen-tube, the hoods of the crown with or
without an incurved horn arising from the cavity .................................................... 93. Asclepiadaceae
122. Filaments broad and flat, distinct; crown wanting ..................................................... 92. Apocynaceae
10