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CJ.) C ight Training Manual -~ edition Printed and bound inCanada PhotographscourtesyAviationTrainingSystems Ltd. Pleasedirect your comments,orders and inquiriesto: TransportCanada Civil AviationCommunicationsCentre (AARC) Place de Ville TowerC.5th Floor 330SparksStreet OttawaON KIA ON8 Telephone: I 800305-2059 Fax: 613957-4208 E-mail: serviceswtc.gc.ca o Her Majesty the Queen in Right ofCanada.,represented by the MinisterofTransport 2004. All rights reserved.No partofthis publication maybe reproduced,stored in aretrieval system, ortransmitted.in anyform orby any means,electronic,mechanical. photocopying, recording, orotherwise,withoutpriorwritten permissionofthe DepartmentofTransport,Canada. Theinformation in this publication isto be considered solely asa guide and should not be quoted as orconsidered to be a legalauthority.Itmaybecome obsolete in wholeorin part atany time without notice. CanadianCataloguingInPublication Data Mainentry under title: Flight training manual 4thed.(revised) ISBN0-660-19351-5 I.Airplanes- Piloting. 1.Canada. TransportCanada. TL712.F55 1992 629.132'52 C91-095123-3 TFlI02E (0812004) TC-lOOlOO6 Catalogue No.T52·14nOO4E 5GG0302 Contents Preface v PARTONE 11 SlowFlight 73 12 Stalls 75 The Aircraft and OperationalConsiderations 1 13 Spinning 81 1 BasicPrinciplesofFlight 3 14 Spiral 85 2 Weightand Balance 16 15 Slipping 86 3 Engine Handling 19 16 Take-off 88 4 AircraftDocumentation 23 17 TheCircuit 99 5 Airport Operations 26 18 ApproachandLanding 104 6 WeatherConsiderations 29 19 FirstSolo 116 20 IllusionsCreatedbyDrift 118 PARTTWO 21 PrecautionaryLanding 121 AirExercises 31 22 ForcedLanding 127 1 Familiarization 33 23 PilotNavigation 132 2 AircraftFamiliarizationand 24 InstrumentFlying 147 PreparationforFlight 34 25 NightFlying 178 3 Ancillary Controls 40 26 Floatplanes 182 4 Taxiing 45 27 Skiplanes 192 5 AttitudesandMovements 48 28 TypeConversion 197 6 Straight-and-LevelFlight 52 29 Emergency Procedures 202 7 Climbing 54 30 RadioCommunication 206 8 Descending 57 9 Turns 60 10 FlightforRangeandEndurance 66 Epilogue 210 Preface Theaimofthismanualisto provide basic. progressive namies and other subjects related to flight training study material for student pilots preparing for licens courses.Thus, a working knowledge of the terms and ing, pilots improving their qualifications, and for the the material in this manual that are relevant to the guidance offlight instructors.Assuch,itcomplements training being taken will enable the student to gain the Transport Canada Flight Instructor Guide. maximum benefit from the training. This manual provides information and direction in The contributions by many Canadian flight instruc the introduction and performance of flight training tors to the material presented here are gratefully manoeuvres as well as basic information onaerody- acknowledged. v PART ONE THE AIRCRAFT AND OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS CHAPTER ONE Basic Principles of Flight The Third Law of Motion Density and Pressure One property of airthat is aptto mislead the novice Heavier-than-air flight can be explained by various studentofflight isdensity. Ask the weightoftheair scientific laws and theorems. Of these, Newton's in an ordinary room and answers will vary from ThirdLawofMotionispossiblythefundamentalone. "almost nothing," to "about 10 pounds." Yet the "Foreveryaction thereisanequalandoppositereac answer isclose to300poundsandinalarge hall may tion." A propelleracceleratesamassofairbackward, beover aton! Raise that halfa mile above the earth, andtherebyreceivesanequalforwardforce.Thisfor though,andtheairinitwillweighfarless.Itsdensity wardforce,calledthrust,pullstheaircraftahead. - its mass per unit volume - has changed. These Astheaircraft isthrustforwardbythepropelleron changesindensityaremeasuredasairpressure. take-off.thewingmeetingtheoncomingairbeginsto It is true, of course, that the density of air is low generate lift (Fig. 1-1). As the forward speed of the comparedwiththatof water, yetitisthispropertyof aircraftincreases.thisliftforceincreasesproportion airthat makes flightpossible.Air beingthe medium ately.Whentheliftforceisequaltotheweightofthe in which night occurs, as its properties change the aircraft,theaircraftbeginstofly. characteristicsofaparticularflightwillchange. Theaveragepressureatsealevelduetotheweight ofthe atmosphere is 14.7 pounds per square inch, a pressurethatcausesthemercuryinabarometertorise 29.92 inches. In a standard situation the pressure Uft drops from 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level to 10.2poundspersquareinchat10,000feet. wa Relative airflow Temperature Changes (Lapse Rate) With an increase in height there is adecrease in air temperature.The reasonisthatthesun's heatpasses through the atmosphere without appreciably raising Figure 1·1 LiftIs Generated by AirTravelling the temperature. The earth, however, absorbs the Faster above the Aerofoil than below it heat.The temperatureoftheearthisraisedandtheair incontactwithitabsorbssomeoftheheat. The Atmosphere An aircraft operates in a world that is very near the The Four Forces earth.yethas vastlydifferent properties.This world istheatmosphere,composedof air.whichsurrounds theearth. Wemustknowsomethingaboutthisatmos An aircraft in flight is under the influence of four pheretounderstandflight. mainforces:lift,weight.thrust,anddrag(Fig. 1·2). 3