Flight Performance of Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft

594 Pages·2006·18.38 MB·English

by  Antonio Filippone

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Flight Performance of Fixed and
Rotary Wing Aircraft
Filippone FM-H6817.tex 24/3/2006 12:45 Pageii
Tomymother
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Flight Performance of
Fixed and Rotary Wing
Aircraft
Antonio Filippone
AMSTERDAM (cid:127) BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON (cid:127) NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD
PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO (cid:127) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO
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Filippone FM-H6817.tex 24/3/2006 12:45 Pagev
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
ListofTables xvii
Nomenclature:organizations xix
Nomenclature:acronyms xx
Nomenclature:mainsymbols xxii
Nomenclature:Greeksymbols xxv
Nomenclature:subscripts/superscripts xxvi
Supplementstothetext xxvii
PartI Fixed-WingAircraftPerformance
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Physicalunitsused 4
1.2 Performanceparameters 5
1.3 Performanceoptimization 7
1.4 CertificateofAirworthiness 7
1.5 Upgradingofaircraftperformance 8
1.6 Missionprofiles 9
Problems 13
2 Theaircraftanditsenvironment 15
2.1 Generalaircraftmodel 15
2.2 Referencesystems 17
2.3 Forcesontheaircraft 20
2.4 Momentsofinertia 21
2.5 Flightdynamicsequations 22
2.6 TheInternationalStandardAtmosphere 23
2.7 Non-standardconditions 28
Problems 30
3 Weightperformance 33
3.1 Theaircraft’sweight 33
3.2 Definitionofweights 40
3.3 Weightestimation 42
v
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vi Contents
3.4 Weightmanagement 42
3.5 Range/payloaddiagram 44
3.6 DirectOperatingCosts 46
Problems 47
4 Aerodynamicperformance 49
4.1 Aerodynamicforces 49
4.2 Liftequation 51
4.3 Vortexlift 52
4.4 High-liftsystems 55
4.5 Dragequation 57
4.6 Glideratio 61
4.7 Glideratioattransonicandsupersonicspeed 63
4.8 Practicalestimationofthedragcoefficient 65
4.9 Compressibilityeffects 66
4.10 Transonicdragrise 67
4.11 Liftandtransonicbuffet 68
4.12 Aero-thermodynamicheating 69
4.13 Aerodynamicpenetrationandradius 71
4.14 Aircraftvortexwakes 72
4.15 Aerodynamicsandperformance 74
Problems 75
5 Engineperformance 77
5.1 Gasturbineengines 77
5.2 Internalcombustionengines 81
5.3 Engineflightenvelopes 83
5.4 Powerandthrustdefinitions 84
5.5 Generalizedengineperformance 86
5.6 Fuelflow 88
5.7 Propulsiveefficiency 93
5.8 Thrustcharacteristics 94
5.9 Propellercharacteristics 95
Problems 108
6 Flightenvelopes 111
6.1 Generaldefinitions 111
6.2 Aircraftspeedrange 112
6.3 Definitionofspeeds 113
6.4 Steadystatelevelflight 117
6.5 Speedinlevelflight 117
6.6 Absoluteceilingofjetaircraft 119
6.7 Absoluteceilingofpropelleraircraft 119
6.8 Optimalspeedsforlevelflight 121
6.9 Generalflightenvelopes 124
6.10 Limitingfactorsonflightenvelopes 126
6.11 Dashspeedofsupersonicaircraft 128
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Contents vii
6.12 Absoluteceilingofsupersonicaircraft 131
6.13 Supersonicacceleration 131
Problems 135
7 Take-offandlanding 137
7.1 Definitionofterminalphases 137
7.2 Conventionaltake-off 139
7.3 Groundrunofjetaircraft 141
7.4 Solutionsofthetake-offequation 143
7.5 Rotationandinitialclimb 148
7.6 Take-offwithoneengineinoperative 150
7.7 Calculationofthebalancedfieldlength 151
7.8 Groundrunofpropelleraircraft 153
7.9 WATcharts 154
7.10 Missedtake-off 155
7.11 Finalapproachandlanding 156
7.12 Landingrun 157
7.13 Effectsofthewind 161
7.14 Groundmaneuvering 161
Problems 161
8 Climbandgliding 165
8.1 Governingequations 165
8.2 Rateofclimb 166
8.3 Steadyclimbofpropellerairplane 167
8.4 Climbofjetairplane 175
8.5 Polardiagramforrateofclimb 179
8.6 Energymethods 181
8.7 Specificexcesspowerdiagrams 183
8.8 Differentialexcesspowerplots 184
8.9 Minimumproblemswithenergymethod 186
8.10 Steadystategliding 190
8.11 Generalglidingflight 194
8.12 Maximumgliderangewithenergymethod 196
8.13 Minimumflightpaths 198
8.14 Additionalresearchonaircraftclimb 201
Problems 202
9 Cruiseperformance 205
9.1 Importanceofthecruiseflight 205
9.2 Generaldefinitions 206
9.3 Pointperformance 206
9.4 TheBreguetrangeequation 216
9.5 Subsoniccruiseofjetaircraft 218
9.6 Missionfuel 224
9.7 Cruisewithintermediatestop 230
9.8 Aircraftselection 232
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9.9 Supersoniccruise 233
9.10 Cruiserangeofpropelleraircraft 237
9.11 Endurance 238
9.12 Effectofweightoncruiserange 239
9.13 Effectofthewindoncruiserange 239
9.14 Additionalresearchonaircraftcruise 241
9.15 Formationflight 241
Problems 248
10 Maneuverperformance 251
10.1 Bankedlevelturns 251
10.2 Bankedturnatconstantthrust 253
10.3 Powerrequirements 255
10.4 Effectofweightonturnradius 256
10.5 Maneuverenvelope:n–Vdiagram 257
10.6 Turnrates 259
10.7 Sustainableg-loads 262
10.8 Unpoweredturn 264
10.9 Soaringflight 265
10.10 Rollperformance 271
10.11 Aircraftcontrolunderthrustasymmetry 283
10.12 Pull-upmaneuverandtheloop 287
10.13 Zero-gravityatmosphericflight 289
10.14 Flightpathtoamovingtarget 295
Problems 297
PartII Rotary-WingAircraftPerformance
11 Rotorcraftperformance 301
11.1 Fundamentals 301
11.2 Helicopterconfigurations 302
11.3 Missionprofiles 305
11.4 Flightenvelopes 306
11.5 Definitionsandreferencesystems 307
11.6 Non-dimensionalparameters 311
11.7 Methodsforperformancecalculations 312
Problems 313
12 Rotorcraftinverticalflight 315
12.1 Hoverperformance 315
12.2 Effectofbladetwist 323
12.3 Non-dimensionalhoverperformance 324
12.4 Verticalclimb 326
12.5 Ceilingperformance 328
12.6 Groundeffect 331
12.7 Verticaldescent 332
12.8 Hoverendurance 334
Problems 335
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Contents ix
13 Rotorcraftinforwardflight 337
13.1 Asymmetryofrotorloads 337
13.2 Powerrequirements 338
13.3 Rotordiskangle 357
13.4 Calculationofforwardflightpower 359
13.5 L/Dofthehelicopter 361
13.6 Forwardflightanalysis 362
13.7 Propulsiveefficiency 366
13.8 Climbperformance 367
13.9 Performanceoftandemhelicopters 370
13.10 Singleortandemhelicopter? 377
Problems 380
14 Rotorcraftmaneuver 383
14.1 Limitsonflightenvelopes 383
14.2 Kineticenergyoftherotor 385
14.3 Autorotativeindex 387
14.4 Autorotativeperformance 389
14.5 Height/velocitydiagram 398
14.6 Thevortexringstate 400
14.7 Take-offandlanding 404
14.8 Turnperformance 404
14.9 Powerrequiredforturning 406
14.10 Moreontailrotorperformance 410
Problems 412
15 Rotorcraftmissionanalysis 413
15.1 Specificairrange 413
15.2 Non-dimensionalanalysisoftheSAR 415
15.3 Enduranceandspecificendurance 416
15.4 Speedforminimumpower 417
15.5 Speedformaximumrange 419
15.6 Fueltoclimb 420
15.7 Payload/rangediagram 422
15.8 Comparativepayloadfraction 428
15.9 Missionanalysis 429
Problems 430
PartIII V/STOLandNoisePerformance
16 V/STOLperformance 435
16.1 Hovercharacteristics 435
16.2 Jet-inducedlift 437
16.3 Liftaugmentation 440
16.4 Calculationofshorttake-off 441
16.5 Skijump 445