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Flexible, Wearable and Reconfigurable Antennas Based on Novel Conductive Materials PDF

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Flexible, Wearable and Reconfigurable Antennas Based on Novel Conductive Materials: Graphene, Polymers and Textiles by Shengjian Jammy Chen B. Eng. (Information Engineering), Guangdong University of Technology, China, 2003 M. Eng. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), The University of Adelaide, Australia, 2013 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide 2017 Supervisors: Prof. Christophe Fumeaux, School ofElectrical &Electronic Engineering Dr. Damith ChinthanaRanasinghe,School ofComputer Science Dr. Thomas Kaufmann, School ofElectrical &Electronic Engineering © 2017 Shengjian Jammy Chen Adelaide Applied All Rights Reserved Electromagnetics Tomydearestparents, mystunning wife,Deyan mytwo gorgeous daughtersBojinand Boyi and my parents-in-law withall mylove. Page iv Contents Contents v Abstract xi Originality Declaration xiii Acknowledgments xv Thesis Conventions xix Abbreviation xxi Awards and Scholarships xxiii Publications xxv List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xxxv Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction and motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Objectives ofthe thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Summary oforiginal contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3.1 Flexible and high-efficiency non-metallic antennas . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2 Shorting andconnection strategies for wearabletextiles antennas 8 1.3.3 Modular andreconfigurable wearabletextile antennas . . . . . . 10 1.3.4 Novel antenna structures for wearable applications . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 Thesisstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Chapter 2. Background 17 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Page v Contents 2.2 Antennadesigns basedon conductive polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.1 Conductive polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.2 Conductive polymer antenna designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Antennadesigns basedon graphenecomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.1 Grapheneand graphene composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.2 Antennadesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.4 Antennadesigns basedon conductive textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4.1 Conductive textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4.2 Wearableantennadesigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Chapter 3. Conductive Polymer Antennas 47 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2 Non-resonant antenna strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2.1 Antennamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2.2 Antennadesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.3 Antennafabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.2.4 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.2.5 Antennabendingperformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.2.6 Summary on non-resonant design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.3 Chemicaltreatment strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3.1 Material and treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3.2 Antennadesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.3.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.3.4 Summary on chemical conductivity enhancement . . . . . . . . . 71 3.4 Laminatedmultilayer strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4.1 Laminatedconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.4.2 Preliminary experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.4.3 Summary on laminatedconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.5 Exploitation ofpolymeric antenna flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.5.1 Antennadesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.5.2 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.5.3 Antennamechanical flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Page vi Contents Chapter 4. High Efficiency Microwave Graphene Antenna 81 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.2 Graphene film preparation andcharacterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4.2.1 Pristine graphene preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.2.2 Graphenefilm preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3 Graphene antennadesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.3.1 Antennaconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.3.2 Antennafabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.4 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Chapter 5. Shorting and Connection Strategies for Wearable Textile Antennas 97 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.2 Wearabletextile antennashorting strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.2.1 L-slot PIFAantenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 5.2.2 Shorting strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.2.3 Resultsand discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.3 Detachable wearable textile antenna feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 5.3.1 The wearableelectronic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.3.2 Snap-on button connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.3.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.3.4 Balancedtextile transmission lineconnector . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Chapter 6. Wearable Modular Textile Antennas 119 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6.2 The antenna design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.2.1 Antennamaterials andstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 6.2.2 Snap-on buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Page vii Contents 6.2.3 Antennafabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 6.3 The module design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.3.1 CPinterchangeable module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.3.2 LP-CPandfrequency interchangeable module . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.3.3 λ/2-patch and λ/4-PIFA interchangeable module . . . . . . . . . 134 6.3.4 8 GHzmodule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 6.3.5 Foldable module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.3.6 Summary on module designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.4 Human bodyand bendingimpact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.4.1 Humanbody impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.4.2 Bendingimpact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.5 Anextended design with detachableshortings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.5.1 Antennaconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.5.2 Configuration with vias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.5.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.5.4 Summary ofthe design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Wearable Textile Antenna 157 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 7.2 Reconfigurable button modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.2.1 Generalconcept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.2.2 The proposed button module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7.3 Afrequency-reconfigurable antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.3.1 Antennaconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 7.3.2 Proof-of-concept experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Chapter 8. Wearable Microstrip Antenna Array 171 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 8.2 Arraydesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Page viii Contents 8.2.1 Antennaconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 8.2.2 Control of coupling strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 8.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.3.1 Reflection andtransmission coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 8.3.2 Radiation patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.3.3 Gain andefficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 8.3.4 Human impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 8.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Chapter 9. Wearable Dielectric Resonator Antenna 193 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 9.2 DRAdesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 9.2.1 DRAconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 9.2.2 Antennamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 9.2.3 Antennafabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 9.3 Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 9.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Chapter 10.Conclusion and Outlook 209 10.1 Summary preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.2 Part I:Flexible andhigh-efficiency non-metallic antennas . . . . . . . . . 210 10.2.1 Summary oforiginal contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 10.2.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 10.3 Part II:Shorting andconnection strategies for wearabletextile antennas 214 10.3.1 Summary oforiginal contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 10.3.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 10.4 Part III:Modular and reconfigurable wearable textile antennas . . . . . . 216 10.4.1 Summary oforiginal contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 10.4.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 10.5 Part IV:Novel antenna structures for wearableapplications . . . . . . . . 218 10.5.1 Summary oforiginal contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 10.5.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 10.6 Concluding statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Page ix Contents Bibliography 221 Biography 237 Page x

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on conductive polymers and graphene thin films as conductors. vision, encouraging and patient guidance, technical and financial support and .. The proposed antenna configuration and 3D model in CST . ture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and ceramic powder and thus exhibits an excel-.
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