Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Composites PDF
Preview Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Composites
Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials Deepalekshmi Ponnamma Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni Chaoying Wan Sabu Thomas Mariam Al-Ali AlMa'adeed E ditors Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Composites Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials Series editor Susheel Kalia, Dehradun, India More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13173 Deepalekshmi Ponnamma Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni · Chaoying Wan Sabu Thomas · Mariam Al-Ali AlMa’adeed Editors Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Composites 1 3 Editors Deepalekshmi Ponnamma Sabu Thomas Center for Advanced Materials School of Chemical Sciences Qatar University Mahatma Gandhi University Doha Kottayam Qatar India Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni Mariam Al-Ali AlMa’adeed Center for Advanced Materials Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Qatar University Doha Doha Qatar Qatar Chaoying Wan International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing University of Warwick Coventry UK ISSN 2364-1878 ISSN 2364-1886 (electronic) Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials ISBN 978-3-319-23662-9 ISBN 978-3-319-23663-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23663-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950005 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Natural Polyisoprene Composites and Their Electronic Applications .... 1 Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, K.T. Varughese, Sabu Thomas and Mariam Al-Ali AlMa’adeed Electronic Applications of Polymer Electrolytes of Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Its Composites ............................... 37 Fatin Harun and Chin Han Chan Electronic Applications of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Its Composites ... 61 Soumen Giri and Chaoying Wan Electronic Applications of Polyurethane and Its Composites ........... 87 Seema Ansari and M.N. Muralidharan Electronic Applications of Polyamide Elastomers and Its Composites ... 135 Paulina Latko and Anna Boczkowska Electronic Applications of Polyacrylic Rubber and Its Composites ...... 161 Elnaz Esmizadeh, Ghasem Naderi and Ali Vahidifar Electronic Applications of Polydimethylsiloxane and Its Composites .... 199 Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, John-John Cabibihan and Mariam Al-Ali AlMa’adeed Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene and Its Composites for Electronic Applications ....................................... 229 Sayan Ganguly and Narayan Chandra Das Electronic Applications of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber and Its Composites ............................................. 261 Ranimol Stephen and Sabu Thomas v vi Contents Electronic Applications of Chloroprene Rubber and Its Composites .... 279 Bharat P. Kapgate and Chayan Das Electronic Applications of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber and Its Composites ...................................... 305 Anjali A. Athawale and Aparna M. Joshi Poly(Isobutylene-co-Isoprene) Composites for Flexible Electronic Applications .......................................... 335 M.T. Sebastian and J. Chameswary Nanomaterials-Embedded Liquid Crystal Elastomers in Electronics Devices Application ................................. 365 Md Mohiuddin and Tran Thanh Tung Natural Polyisoprene Composites and Their Electronic Applications Deepalekshmi Ponnamma, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, K.T. Varughese, Sabu Thomas and Mariam Al-Ali AlMa’adeed Abstract Rubber-based composites have been recognized as efficient materials for the fabrication of technologically important products. Various particles are successfully incorporated into cis-polyisoprene or natural rubber (NR) in recent years both in solution and in melt forms. Potential electronic applications of such composites specifically containing carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene-like structures, fibers, metallic fillers, and inorganic fillers have been realized in this article. Advanced performances of NR composites obtained via different methods are compared with those of the neat polymer. Special attention is paid to the struc- tural changes occurring in the matrix under the influence of fillers. Other issues regarding the technology limitations, research challenges, and future trends are also discussed. The main objective of this review is threefold: (1) to present the latest electronic applications of NR composite technology and development, (2) to describe the need for fundamental research in this field, and (3) to outline major challenges in rubber composite preparation. At first an overview of NR compos- ites, then their preparation methods, and thereafter their applications are described. In short, other than summarizing different classes of particles filled NR compos- ites and their applications, this review highlights different ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter, and faster devices based on such materials. The developed mate- rials are highly useful in the fields of electronics and diffusion as well as in the marine and transport industries. Keywords Rubber · Actuator · Sensor · Electronics · Microwave absorbers · Supercapacitors D. Ponnamma (*) · K.K. Sadasivuni · M.A.-A. AlMa’adeed Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar e-mail: [email protected] K.T. Varughese Polymer Laboratory, Dielectric Materials Division, Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore 560080, India © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1 D. Ponnamma et al. (eds.), Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Composites, Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23663-6_1 2 D. Ponnamma et al. 1 Introduction Natural rubber (NR) is one of the most important biosynthesized polymers dis- playing excellent chemical and physical properties. Among other rubbers, it was the first industrially exploited [1, 2]. This elastomer has tremendous applications in various areas [3–5]. The source of this polymer is Hevea Brasiliensis tree and is present in the form of a chemical-free biomacromolecule, natural rubber latex (NRL). NRL is a stable colloidal dispersion of cis-1,4-polyisoprene (PI) of high molecular mass in aqueous medium and can be stabilized with ammonia. The highly stereo-regular microstructure of NR provides unique mechanical properties S. Thomas School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam 686560, Kerala, India S. Thomas Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O, Kottayam 686 560, Kerala, India M.A.-A. AlMa’adeed Materials Science and Technology Program, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar Natural Polyisoprene Composites and Their Electronic Applications 3 (high elasticity) and crystallizing nature [6–10] to it. NR molecules consist mainly of cis-PI units without any trans configuration, in contrast to the synthetic poly- isoprenes [11]. The very flexible backbone leads to very low glass transition temperature (T ) of about 64 to 70 °C. Raw NRL finds wide applications in g − − manufacturing medical products such as gloves, condoms, and safety bags due to its excellent elasticity, flexibility, antivirus permeation, good formability, and bio- degradability [12–14]. However, NRL products that have short shelf lives and life cycles [15, 16] especially for medical gloves and condoms, low tensile strength, poor tear resistance and low resistance to burning [17, 18] are observed. Even though these drawbacks sound no problem for the medical products, industrially important materials such as tyres require superior performance. Due to this, sev- eral attempts to incorporate graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB) [19], ultrafine calcium carbonate [20], modified montmorillonite (MMT) [21], silica [22], and starch [23] fillers in dry NR or NRL [24] have been reported [25, 26]. Based on the dimensions of filler materials, it can be macrosized, microsized, and nanosized. For nanosized fillers, still the classification depends on the struc- ture or dimension. More specifically, layered clay minerals and graphene sheets come under one-dimensional fillers, nanotubes and nanofibers are two-dimen- sional, and spherical particles are three-dimensional [25, 27–36] based on the number of dimensions in nanorange. Nanocomposites will be formed if one of the reinforcing filler phases has its dimension in the nanometer range. For nanofill- ers, maximum improvement in combined characteristics is generally observed at low loading levels, without significantly increasing the density of the compound or reducing light transmission. For instance, when the microsized fillers having lower surface area at 10–30 wt% loading impart good properties to the NR matrix, the nanofillers at 2–3 wt% loading can give superior properties due to its high sur- face area [37, 38]. The high reinforcing efficiency of nanofilled rubber compos- ites, even at low loading of filler, can also be attributed to the nanoscale dispersion and the very high aspect ratio (length-to-thickness ratio) of the filler [39–43]. So the use of nanofillers in regulating the performances of NR products by alleviating the aforementioned disadvantages of NR is very fascinating and has great interest. The effect of two-dimensional nanoclay with high aspect ratios on NR microstruc- ture when stretched was studied by Carretero et al. [44, 45] and by Huang and coworkers [46, 47]. Also, the reinforcement mechanism of NR composites with nanoalumina [48], carbon nanofibers [49], cellulose nanofibers [3, 50], and kaolin and silica [51] was studied extensively. Renewable and biodegradable biomaterials such as cellulose [52–54] consist of crystalline nanofibers of 10–40 nm diameter and 1.5 g/cm3 density with a length of few micrometers. Such nanofibers possess high value of tensile strength (10 GPa) and Young’s modulus (134 GPa) [55]. Out of the several techniques of filler reinforcement of NR, melt intercalation [37, 56], latex compounding [38], and solution-mixing methods [57] are the most common. In the nanocomposites, the dispersed nanofillers make some structural reinforcement which is responsible for the enhanced chemical and physical prop- erties. Nair et al. [58–60] have found a three-dimensional filler network within
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