Flea Biology and Control: The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals PDF
Preview Flea Biology and Control: The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals
Friederike Kramer Norbert Mencke ea iology Con The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals With 49 Figures and 43 Tables Springer DR. FRIEDERIKE KRAMER School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Department of Parasitology Biinteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany DR. NORBERT MENCKE Bayer AG BG Animal Health BU Companion Animals 51368 Leverkusen Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kramer, Friederike, 1971- Flea biology and control: the biology of the cat flea, control and prevention with imidacloprid in small animals I Friederike Kramer, Norbert Mencke. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 3540417761 (alk. paper) 1. Cat flea-Control. 2. Cat flea. 3. Cats-Parasites-Control. 4. Dogs-Parasites-Control. 5. Pets-Parasites-Control. I. Mencke, Norbert, 1959-11. Title. SF986.C37 K36 2001 628.9'657-dc21 2001020618 ISBN 3-540-41776-1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Cover design: design + production GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting and Reproduction of the figures: AM-productions GmbH, 69168 Wiesloch, Germany Printed on acid-free paper - SPIN 10791514 27/3130/ML - 543210 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Friederike Kramer Norbert Mencke Flea Biology and Control The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals .. Dedicated to all itching and scratching dogs and cats in the world. may you not suffer from flea bites any longer. III Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................ 1 2 General Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 3 Taxonomy .......................................................... 5 4 Dissemination and Economic, Veterinary and Medical Importance .............................. 9 Origin and Distribution .......................................... 9 Economic Importance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 Veterinary Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Medical Importance ............................................ 14 5 Developmental Cycle of Fleas .................................... 17 Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 Larvae .............................................................. 20 Pupae ............................................................... 25 Preemerged Adults .................................................. 27 Adults ............................................................... 29 6 Flea Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 7 Flea-Related Dermatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Flea Bite Dermatitis ................................................. 39 Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) .................................. " 40 Clinical Signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 Differential Diagnosis of FAD .......................................... 45 Histopathological Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46 Immunopathogenesis of FAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 Diagnosis of FAD and Flea Bite Dermatitis ......................... 51 Treatment of Flea-Related Skin Diseases ........................... 54 Adjunctive Medical Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55 Hyposensitization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55 Treatment of the Premises ....................................... 56 Indoor Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 56 Outdoor Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58 8 Resistance ......................................................... 59 9 Imidacloprid....................................................... 63 History of Imidacloprid ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63 Chemical Properties of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 64 Biological Profile, Mode of Action and Direct Insecticidal Activity ................................... 67 Biological Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67 Mode of Action and Direct Insecticidal Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68 Indirect Insecticidal Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 76 Resistance of Sucking Pests Against Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 78 Toxicology and Pharmacology of Imidacloprid ..................... 81 Symptomatology of Insects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 81 Pharmacology of Imidacloprid ......................................... 82 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 Toxicology of Imidacloprid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85 Toxicology of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 87 Tolerability of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on in Dogs and Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88 Ecological Effects and Ecotoxicological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 92 Safety Assessment for Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94 Imidacloprid as a Veterinary Product for Flea Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 98 Clinical Efficacy of Imidacloprid (Advantage®) in Dogs and Cats. . . . . . . . . .. 106 Laboratory Studies in Dogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108 Field Studies in Dogs ................................................ 113 Laboratory Studies in Cats ........................................... 120 Field Studies in Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 125 Comparative Studies (Between Imidacloprid and Other Compounds for Flea Control) ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 Laboratory Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 Field Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136 Larvicidal Effect of Imidacloprid and Efficacy Enhancement (with PBO) ................................. 141 Larvicidal Effect. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141 Efficacy Enhancement .............................................. 148 Environmental and Habitual Factors Influencing Imidacloprid Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149 Effects of Shampooing and Repeated Water Exposure. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 149 'Umbrella Effect' .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153 Small Domestic Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154 Rabbits ........................................................... 154 Ferrets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157 Rodents and Other Small Animals. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 159 Ectoparasitic Spectrum of Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160 Louse Infestation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160 Sheep Ked Infestation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 161 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 163 Subject Index ........................................................ 185 Ell Abbreviations ACh acetylcholine AChR acetylcholine receptor a.i. active ingredient a-BGT a-bungarotoxin b.w. body weight CBH cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity eDNA complementary desoxyribonucleic acid CNS central nervous system dpt days post treatment e.g. lat. exempli gratia - for instance EM electron microscopy FAD flea allergic/allergy dermatitis GABA y-aminobutyric acid HCH hexachlorocyclohexane 101 insect development inhibitor i.e. lat. id est - that is to say IGR insect growth regulator lOST intradermal skin test IPM integrated pest management IRAC insecticide resistance action committee IRM integrated resistance management LC lethal concentration with 50% death so LO lethal dosage with 50% death so mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mPa milli -pascale nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor NOEL/NOEC no observed effect level/concentration NMH nitromethylene heterocycle MO miliary dermatitis MFO mixed function oxidase MOS margin of safety p.a. post application PBO piperonyl butoxide p.t. post treatment ppm parts per million \t) registered trademark RfO reference dose RH relative humidity SAR structure-activity relationship SO standard deviation TEM transmission electron microscopy TM trademark WHO World Health Organization wt/wt weight per weight w/v weight per volume
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