Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition in Nuclear Safety.

457 Pages·2001·17.33 MB·English

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Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-to-DetonationTransition in
Nuclear Safety
State-of-the Art Report
TITLE PAGES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAP 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAP 2. PROCESSES OF FA AND DDT
CHAP 3. CRITERIA FOR FA AND DDT LIMITS
CHAP 4 DETAILED MODELLING OF FA AND DDT
CHAP 5. EXPERIMENTS AND MODEL VALIDATION
CHAP 6. APPLICATIONS TO REACTOR CONTAINMENT
ANALYSIS
CHAP 7 SUMMARY AND ISSUES
Annex 1.1 LIST OF AUTHORS (Report)
Annex 1.2 LIST OF ACRONYMS (Report)
Annex 1. 4 PHOTOGRAPH OF PARTICIPANTS
APPENDIX A: LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLAME
PROPAGATION IN HYDROGEN-AIR-STEAM
MIXTURES
APPENDIX B: LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLAME PROPAGATION
IN HYDROGEN-AIR-CARBON DIOXIDE MIXTURES
AND DETONABILITY LIMITS OF HYDROGEN-
CONTAINING MIXTURES
APPENDIX C: THE TYPICAL REFLECTORS AND CRITICAL
CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT EXPLOSION
PHENOMENA NEAR NON-FLAT REFLECTING
SURFACES
APPENDIX D: DETONATION CELL SIZE DATA
APPENDIX E: DDT EXPERIMENTS IN SHOCK TUBE AND
OBSTACLE ARRAY GEOMETRY
APPENDIX F: AGGREGATION RULES FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF CHARACTERISTIC CONTAINMENT SIZE IN A
LUMPED-PARAMETER APPROACH
Annex 2.1 LIST OF AUTHORS (Appendices)
Annex 2.2 LIST OF ACRONYMS (Appendices)
Nuclear Safety
NEA/CSNI/R(2000)7
August 2000
F
lame Acceleration and
Deflagration-to-Detonation
Transition in Nuclear Safety
State-of-the Art Report
by a Group of Experts
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
Le Seine Saint-Germain - 12, boulevard des Îles
F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
Tél. [phone] - Fax [phone]
Internet: http://www.nea.fr
N U C L E A R • E N E R G Y • A G E N C Y
State-of-the-Art Report
On
Flame Acceleration
And
Deflagration-to-Detonation
Transition In
Nuclear Safety
W. Breitung
C. Chan
S. Dorofeev
A. Eder
B. Gelfand
M. Heitsch
R. Klein
A. Malliakos
E. Shepherd
E. Studer
P. Thibault
Additional copies of this CD
and of the paper report
can be obtained from
Dr. Jacques Royen
Deputy Head
Nuclear Safety Division
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency
Le Seine - Saint Germain
12 Boulevard des Iles
F-92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux
France
E-mail: [email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES.1
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1
1.1 Relevance of FA and DDT in Severe Accidents 1.1
1.2 Basic Physical Processes 1.2
1.3 Options for Control of FA and DDT 1.3
1.4 Hydrogen Mitigation 1.4
1.5 References 1.11
2. PROCESSES OF FA AND DDT 2.1
2.1 Introduction 2.1
2.2 Flame and Detonation Propagation Regimes 2.1
2.3 The Effect of Confinement on Flame and Detonation Propagation 2.6
2.4 Mechanisms Involved in FA 2.8
2.5 Mechanisms Involved in DDT 2.14
2.6 Recent Experimental Results 2.16
2.7 Pressure Development and Structural Response 2.17
2.8 Summary 2.23
2.9 References 2.24
3. CRITERIA FOR FA AND DDT LIMITS 3.1
3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.2 Criteria for FA 3.1
3.3 Necessary Criteria for DDT 3.17
3.4 Summary 3.36
3.5 References 3.37
4. DETAILED MODELLING OF FA AND DDT 4.1
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Turbulent Flow Models 4.3
4.3 Turbulent Combustion Models 4.16
4.4 Chemical Kinetics in Turbulent Combustion 4.34
4.5 Numerical Reactive Flow Solvers 4.37
4.6 Summary 4.68
4.7 References 4.72
continued.…
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
5. EXPERIMENTS AND MODEL VALIDATION 5.1
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 Experiments for Code Validation 5.2
5.3 Model Hierarchies Used in Practical Applications 5.62
5.4 Summary 5.111
5.5 Nomenclature 5.114
5.6 References 5.117
6. APPLICATIONS TO REACTOR CONTAINMENT ANALYSIS 6.1
6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Illustration of Combustion at Reactor-relevant Scale with
Lumped-parameter Approach 6.3
6.3 Lumped-parameter Approach 6.6
6.4 Application of FA and DDT Criteria in CFD Calculations 6.14
6.5 References 6.46
7. SUMMARY AND ISSUES 7.1

7.1 Summary 7.1
7.2 Issues 7.7
7.3 Application to Safety Assessments in NPPs 7.10
LIST OF AUTHORS Annex 1. 1
LIST OF ACRONYMS Annex 1.2
PHOTOGRAPH OF PARTICIPANTS Annex 1. 4
APPENDIX A: LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLAME
PROPAGATION IN HYDROGEN-AIR-STEAM
MIXTURES A.1
A.1 Laminar Burning Velocities of Hydrogen-Air and Hydrogen-Air-Steam Mixtures A.1
A.2 References A.4
APPENDIX B: LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLAME
PROPAGATION IN HYDROGEN-AIR-CARBON
DIOXIDE MIXTURES AND DETONABILITY LIMITS OF
HYDROGEN-CONTAINING MIXTURES B.1
B.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flames in H -Air-CO Mixtures B.1
2 2
continued . . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS (concluded)
Page
B.2 Laminar Premixed Flames B.1
B.3 Comparison Between Measured and Computed Data on Laminar
Burning Velocities B.1
B.4 Turbulent Flames in H -Air-CO Mixtures B.2
2 2
B.5 Flammability Limits of H -Air-CO Mixtures B.3
2 2
B.6 Detonability of Hydrogen-containing Mixtures with CO , H O, and N Additives B.3
2 2 2
B.7 Ignition Limits of H + Air + CO and H + Air + H O Mixtures by a Hot Gas Jet B.4
2 2 2 2
B.8 References B.5
APPENDIX C: THE TYPICAL REFLECTORS AND CRITICAL
CONDITIONS OF DIFFERENT EXPLOSION
PHENOMENA NEAR NON-FLAT REFLECTING
SURFACES C.1
APPENDIX D: DETONATION CELL SIZE DATA D.1
D.1 Experimental Data D.1
D.2 Data Interpolation with Analytical Functions D.8
D.3 Generalization of the Zeldovic-von Neumann-Döring (ZND) Correlation D.11
D.4 References D.14
APPENDIX E: DDT EXPERIMENTS IN SHOCK TUBE AND
OBSTACLE ARRAY GEOMETRY E.1
E.1 Recent DDT Experiments at FZK E.1
E.2 References E.5
APPENDIX F: AGGREGATION RULES FO R THE
DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC
CONTAIMENT SIZE IN A
LUMPED-PARAMETER APPROACH F.1
F.1 Description of the Rules F.1
LIST OF AUTHORS Annex 2.1
LIST OF ACRONYMS Annex 2.2

FOREWORD
Flame acceleration (FA) and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) are important phenomena in
severe accidents because they can largely influence the maximum loads from hydrogen combustion
sequences and the consequential structural damage. The ultimate goal in hydrogen mitigation is to design
countermeasures that allow operators to avoid FA and DDT. In current nuclear power plants, the load-
bearing capacity of the main internal structures is jeopardized by flame speeds in excess of about 100
m/s. New containment designs could, in principle, be constructed to carry higher dynamic loads,
however, at the expense of additional costs. To judge the potential for fast flames and DDT, the causes
and underlying processes have to be understood. Criteria may then be derived that can be used in three-
dimensional numerical containment simulations, testing the effectiveness of hydrogen mitigation
methods, to decide whether FA or even DDT is possible.
A review of Flame Acceleration (FA) and Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) in Containment
had been prepared for the NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) as a State-of-
the-Art Report (SOAR) in 1992 [reference NEA/CSNI/R(92)3]. Since the issuing of that report, several
very significant new experimental and theoretical projects had been initiated and had started to bear
fruit, in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Canada, the Russian Federation, and under the
auspices of the European Commission. After discussions held at the September 1996 meeting of CSNI’s
Principal Working Group on the Confinement of Accidental Radioactive Releases (PWG4), the
Committee agreed that a new report should be initiated with the objective of compiling information from
these programmes for the benefit of Member countries.
Dr. W. Breitung (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FZK) agreed to take the lead in the preparation of the
new State-of-the-Art Report. A small Writing Group was set up; its members are listed in Annexes 1 and
2.
The Writing Group met twice in 1998 and twice in 1999. Lead Authors were appointed for the various
chapters of the report. The final version was endorsed by PWG4 in September 1999 and by CSNI in
December 1999.
The CSNI expresses its gratitude to the various governments and organizations that made experimental
and analytical data available for the preparation of the report as well as the resources—time, staff,
competence, effort and money—devoted to this substantial piece of work. The role of the Lead Authors
was essential in preparing the document; they also deserve all our gratitude. Special thanks are due to
the FZK, in particular to Dr. W. Breitung, who—in addition to preparing chapters—led and co-ordinated
the efforts and produced the final draft. Without their generous and vigorous support, their competence
and hard work, the report would have taken a much longer time to produce and its quality would
necessarily have been lower.
Thanks are due also to Ms. A. Soonawala who expertly edited the report, improving its readability and
its layout.
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