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Five New Species and a New Subspecies of the Genus Phaedis (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) from Sulawesi, with a Key to the Sulawesian Species PDF

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Preview Five New Species and a New Subspecies of the Genus Phaedis (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) from Sulawesi, with a Key to the Sulawesian Species

Elytra,Tokyo,35(1):163-176,May30,2007 FiveNewSpeciesandaNewSubspeciesoftheGenusPhaedis (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) fromSulawesi, witha Key to theSulawesianSpecies Kiyoshi AND0 Koffldai5-3-5,Toyono-cho,Toyono-gun,Osaka,563-0104Japan Abstract Five new speciesand a new subspeciesof the genusPhaedis are describedfromSulawesi. ThegenusMlcrogauromaiaPfc,1921isregardedasajunior synonymofthegenusPhaedis,andMicrogauromaiaminutaPIc,1921istransferredto thegenusPhaedis. Totallysevenspeciesandonesubspeciesofthegenusarerecorded fromSulawesi,sixspeciesandonesubspeciesofthembeingbrachypterous. Akey to theSulawesianspeciesisgiven. NewtaxadescribedhereinarePhaedismasataka1,P altilis, P. ohbaJ,ashii, P nemorivagus, P. celebensisspp nov., and P. ovalipennis inornatussubsp nov. First ofall,I wouldliketodedicatethisshortpapertothememoryoftheexcellent coleopterologist,thelateDr.MasatakaSAT0,inrecallingapleasanttimespentwithhim andsomeother coleopteristsin therain forest ofSulawesi. ThegenusPhaedlsbelongingtothetribeCnoda1onini isaconspicuousgenushaving awelldeveloped frontalhalfofhead,broadened fronsanddistinctlyarmedprofemora. ThisgenuswaserectedbyPAscoEin1866forPhaediselysiusfromBorneo. Sincethen, fifty-ninespecieshavebeenknownfromawiderangeofSoutheastAsia. InSulawesi Phaediswas representedbyonlyasinglespecies,P. ovalipennls KRAATz, 1880,which belongstothebrachypterousgroupofthegenus. Inthecourseofrevisingthegenus,five speciesandonenewsubspeciesarerecognized fromthisisland, fourspeciesanda new subspeciesof thembeingalsobrachypterous,andclosely related tooneanother. They musthavedivergedintheislandinratheralateera. Ontheotherhand,myexamination of PIc's typeof Microgauromaiaminuta PIc, 1921 fromCelebes deposited in the Museumnationald'Histoirenature11e,Paris,provedthatthegenusMicrogauromalawas ajuniorsynonymofthegenusPhaedis. Iwilldescribehereinfivenewspecies,onenew subspeciesandonenewsynonym,withakeytotheSulawesianspeciesof thegenus. Theabbreviationsand terminologyemployedhereinareas follows: IE- width of dorsal interspacebetweeneyes; TD-transversediameter of aneye,measured from dorsalaspect;PL- lengthofpronotum,measuredalongmedianline;PW-widthatthe widest levelofpronotum;EL-medianlengthofelytra;EW-greatest widthofelytra. Types and examined species used for the present paper are deposited in the followinginstitutions:CKA0-Co11ection Kiyoshi ANDo,Osaka; CKMT-Co11ection 164 KiyoshiANDo Dr. Kimio MAsUMoTo, Tokyo; CRGT-Co11ectionDr. RolandGRIMM, Tiibingen; EUMJ -TheFaculty of Agriculture, EhimeUniversity; MNHN-Museum national d'Histoire nature11e, Paris; SMNS-Staatliches Museum ftir Naturkunde, Stuttgart; ZSM -Zoo1ogischeStaatssammlungMiinchen. GenusPhaedisPAscoE, 1866 PhaedisPAscoE,1866,474. PseudeumolpusKRAATz,1880,111. Microgauro,naiaPIc,1921,23.Sy11nov. Key totheSulawesianPhaedisSpeciesBasedon theMaleCharacteristics Elytra with metallic coloured fasciae; hind wingssoundandelytrawithdistinct shoulders.Bodylength:8.8-9.1mm P masataka1sp nov Elytradevoidof fasciaeandhumeri; brachypterousspecies. 2 2 Presternal process horizontal or weakly sloping posteriad behind coxae never adunc Presternal processdistinctlyaduncbehindcoxae Elytra fused witheach other; elytra1intervalsevenly convex; inner ocular sulci distinct. Body length: 9.5mm P minutus (PIc) Elytrafree;elytra1intervalsflatorfeeblyconvexinpart;innerocularsulciobscure 4 4 Pronotumwithanteriormarginthicklybordered;puncturesonheadandpronotum verydenseanddistinct;bodymoreoval; innermarginsofmeso-andmetatibiae stronglycurvedatbase;elytradevoidofstripes.Bodylength:7.5-9.5mm. __.. P. (P.)altiiissp nov Pronotumwithanteriormarginnarrowlyandfinelybordered;puncturesonhead andpronotumsparserandfiner;bodymoreelongate; innermarginsofmeso-and metatibiaeweakly curvedatbase;eachelytronsometimeswithstripe. Length: 8.6-11.0mm Elytra with stripes, humeral corners not angulate; punctures onpronotumand elytra1intervalsfiner;headlongerinfrontalhalf;pronotumwithlateralmargins distinctlysinuousbeforebase;parameressuddenlynarrowedinmedianthirdand convergent again in apical fourth. Length: 9.l-11.0 mm P. (P.)ovalipennisovalipennis (KRAATz) Elytrawithoutstripes,humeralcornersobtuselyangulate;puncturesonpronotum andelytra1intervalscoarser; headshorter infrontalhalf;pronotumwith lateral margins hardly sinuousbefore base; parameres gently narrowed from baseto apical fourth,thenstronglyconvergent toapex.Length:8.6-11.0mm pl (P.)ovalipennislnornatussubsp no v 6. Presternalprocessflabellateatapex;pronotumwithanteriormarginstraight; inner New P/1aedls from Sulawesi 165 ocular sulci shallow; postgenae convex, with punctures coarse; body small Length: 7.3-7.5mm. P. (P.)ohbayashiisp nov Presternalprocessgentlyconvergentapicad;pronotumwithanteriormarginemar- ginate; inner ocularsulci deep;postgenaenormal,withpunctures not coarse; bodymedium tolargeinsize 7 7 Body more oblong; elytra greenish brassy, with strong reddish purple lustre, moderately convex above, gradually co nvex from base tomiddle, elytranot fused; hind wings almost as long as elytra11ength, flightless because wing venation is reductive. Body length: 12.0-12.6mm P. (P.) nemorivagussp no v Body more oval; elytrametallicblue or rarely metallicgreen, lustrous, entirely fused with each other, extremely convexabove, stronglyandabruptly convex frombase; hind wings vestigial. Length: 6.7-9.0mm P. (P.)celebensissp nov Phaedis(Phaedis)masatakaisp no v (Figs 3,9,16,25,32&43) Measurements. Bodylength:8.8-9.1mm;width:3.7-4.1mm. Typeseries. Holotype: PuncakPalopo,S. Sulawesi, Indonesia, 2-I-2000, K. , AND0leg. (EUMJ).Paratype:1早,samedataasfor theholotype(CKA0). Oblong, rather weakly convex above, brilliant dorsally. Colour dark reddish brown, anteriorhalf ofheadmetallicblue-green,posteriorhalfof headandpronotum metallicblue (male, holotype) or blue-violet (female, paratype); elytrametallicblue, each elytron with apair of reddish purplehumeral andsubapical fasciae which are thicklymarginedwithbrassy-yellow; venterwithmetallic reflection. M ale. Head hexagonal, well produced in front of eyes, distinctly depressed behind fronto-clypea1suture, withpuncturesminuteand dense,sparser on fronsand coarseronvertex; clypeusalmost flat, veryslightlyemarginateat themiddleof apex; fronto-clypea1suturedeep andclear, obscure laterally; genaealmost parallel-sidedat sidesinbasalhalf,postgenaesuddenlynarrowedposteriad;eyescomparatively large, roundlyproducedlaterad, inner ocularsulcidistinct,deeplyengraved; fronsflatand sloping forwards, IE/TD=2.50 (female: 2.22). Antennaereachingbehindmiddleof pronotum,fivedistalsegmentsformingamoderateclub. Terminalsegmentofmaxillary palpus right-angled triangular. Mentum triangular, raised along middleand deeply excavated at sides. Pronotumtransverselyquadrate,evenlyborderedexceptforthemiddleofanterior margin,widestbehindmiddleandPW/PL=1.50 (female:1.55);discconvex,sloping posteriadinbasal fourth,withpuncturesdense,irregularlyarranged,larger thanthose on head; anterior margin gently and arcuately emarginate; anterior angles obtuse, weaklyproduced; lateralmarginssimply narrowed forwards from thewidest portion and weakly sinuous in basal fourth, narrowlybordered; basal margin bisinuous, nar- 166 KiyoshiANDo rowlybordered. Elytraoblong, gently convex,moderately roundedatsides, widest behindmiddle andEL/EW=1.53;humeralcallidistinctlytumid;striaemoderatelyimpressed,becom- ingdeeper laterad,stria1punctures ratherminute,spacebetween themabout 15 to7 timesaswideasapuncture;intervalsweaklyconvex,distinctlysoinapico-1atera1areas, minutelyandmoderatelypunctate;epipleurabroadenedathumeri,thenstronglyoblique downwards. Prosternum rugose, slightly raised along the middle; presternal process acute cuneiform,pointedatapex. MesosternumwithmedianridgeU-shaped,weaklyraised, but theanterior anglesslightlyandacutelyproduced forwards. Metasternumrather short,stronglyraisedtowardsmiddle. Legsratherslender;profemora1teethacute,moderateinsize,posteriormarginsof meso- and metafemora distinctlyemarginate ineachapical third; inner margin of protibiadistinctlyemarginateat theportionbetweenbasal two-sixthsandfive-sixths, thatofmesotibiaalsodistinctlyemarginate,withdensesetaeinapicalhalf,andthatof metatibiastrongly depressed throughout, the emarginations of pro- and mesotibiae somewhat twisted. Fernale. Emarginationofprotibiaweakandsituatedbetweenbasaltwo-fifths and four-fifths. I)1agnosls. This new species is closely allied toP. iridipennis (GEBIEN) from Mindanao,but isdistinguished fromthelatter bythefollowingfeatures:bodyrather weaklyconvexabove;elytranotiridico1orous;presternalprocesshorizontal;headand pronota1puncturesdenser, innerocularsulcideepandmoredistinct;pronotumdevoid of fasciae,distinctlynarroweratbasethanelytra1base,1.5timesaswideaslonginstead of almost twiceaslongin thelatter;andelytradevoidofzigzag fasciae. Etymology. ThespecificnameofthisspeciesisdedicatedtothelateDr.Masataka SAT0,oneofmybestfriends,whomadeagreatcontributiontotheentomologynotonly inJapanbut alsoin Taiwan. Figs.1-39. Phaedisspp. - 1-8,Rightlateralmarginsofpronota;9-15,mesotibiaeinmale; 16-22, metatibiae in male; 23-24, righthumeral corners in dorsal view; 25-31, presternal processes (right: dorsalview;left:lateralview);32-39,malegenitalia(left:dorsalview; right:lateralview). 1, 12, 19, 23, 28, 35, P. (P)ovalipennis ovalipenus (KRAATz); 2, 24, 36,P. (P)ovalipennls inornat1lssubsp nov; 3, 9, l6, 25, 32,P. (P) masatakalsp nov ; 4, 10, 17, 26, 33, P. (P) minltttts (PIc);5,11, 18,27, 34,P. (P)altilissp nov;6, 15, 22,31,39,P. (P)celebenslssp. nov;7, 13,20,29,37,P. (P)ohbayashtisp nov ;8,14,21,30,38,P. (P)no,r1orivagussp nov. Scales:0.5mmforFigs 9-22,25-39and1.0mmforFigs.1-8,23-24. NewPhaedisfromSulawesi 167 168 Kivoshi ANDo Phaedis(Phaedis)mmutus(PIc,1921),comb nov (Figs 4,10,17,26,33,46&47) McrogauromaiaminutaPIc,1921,23 Measurements. Bodylength:9.5mm;width:4.4mm. Typeexamined. 1ex.,S.Celebes, Bua-Kraeng,5000', Febr.1896, H. FRuHs- TORFER (MNHN). Specimen examined. 1 , Indonesia, Pangia,Sulawesi Selatan, 27-XII-1999, N. OHBAYASHIleg. (CKA0). Notes. Intheexaminedtype,theprofemurisarmedwithadistinct tooth,andthe external generic charactersare indicativeof the genusPhaedis. In thisspecies, the medianedgeofmesosternumhasproducedanteriorangles;mentumshort linguiform, withlateralexcavationsdeep;maxillarypalpusright-angledtriangular;innermarginof mesotibiaecarinatealongthemiddle. PhaedisOPhaedis)altilissp nov (Figs 5, ll,18,27,34&45) Measurements. Body length:7.5-9.5mm;width:3.8-4.7mm. Typeseries. Holotype: Indonesia,PuncakPa1opo,SulawesiSelatan,2-I-2000, , N. 0HBAYASHI leg. (EUMJ). Paratypes: ld1', 1早,samedataas for theholotype (CKA0); lf,1早,PuncakPa1opo,S.Sulawesi,2-I-2000,K.AND01eg.(CKA0);1早, Po1opo,Sulawesi,7-II-1985,M.TAOleg.(CKMT);2早早,ditto,5-VI-l982,M.TAO leg.(CKMT); ld'',ditto,6-VI-1982,M.TAOleg.(CKMT). Oval,distinctlycalabashbottle-shaped,stronglyconvexaboveinhindbody,shiny, shoulderseffaced. Colourdarkreddishbrown;headandpronotummetallicgreen,with violetlustre;elytradarkmetallicgreenoraeneous;sixdistalsegmentsofantennaedark brown;venterdarkreddishbrownordarkbrowninpart. M ale. Headquadrate,distinctlysloping forwards, withpunctures denseand minute,rathersparserbehindfronto-clypea1suture;clypeusdistinctlyconvex,shallowly emarginateat apex inmedianhalf;genaelonger thanwide,weaklyroundedatsides, eachwitharounddepressionin front ofeye;postgenaegentlyconvergentposteriad; fronsraisedandalmost flat,IE/TD=2.86;eyessmall,hardlyproducedlaterad, inner ocularsulciveryweak. Antennaereachingmiddleofpronotum, fivedistalsegments forming a weak club. Terminal segment of maxillary palpus nearly right-angled triangular. Mentumnarrowlinguiform,deeplyexcavatedatsides,withcoarsesurface. Pronotumtransverselytrapezoidal,widestbehindmiddle,PW/PL=1.49;anterior margin distinctly emarginate, with border thick and almost entire; anterior angles obtusely rounded and a little produced; lateral margins weakly rounded in apical two-thirds, and sinuous in the rest, very narrowly bordered; discconvex forwards, denselypunctate,thepuncturesalmostsimilarinsizetooralittlelarger thanthoseon NewP11aedls fromSulawesi 169 frons. Elytraoval,stronglyconvex,almostdevoidofhumeralcalli,not fusedwitheach other, widest atmiddleand EL/EW=1.43;striaefineandweakly impressed,stria1 puncturesminuteandratherdense,irregularlyarranged,slightlylarger in7thand8th striae,spacebetween themabout one toseven timesaswideasapuncture; intervals almost fiat, densely and minutely punctate; epipleura very broad at humeri, with microscopical rugosities. Hindwingsvestigial,about ahalf lengthofeachelytron. Prosternumshort in front of coxae, presternalprocessnarrowly cuneate,moder- atelyobliquelyslopingposteriadbutnotadunc,distinctlydepressedalongmiddleand acuteatapex. Mesosternumwithmedianridgedistinct,acutelyproducedforwardsat thecorners. Metasternumveryshort,nearlyaslongasadiameterofmesocoxa,coarsely punctate. Analsterniteoftenslightlyemarginateat apex. Legs robust; profemora1teeth moderately produced laterad, rectangular; inner margins of tibiae distinctly emarginatebasally, protibiaeemarginate in basal half, mesotibiaeemarginateinbasalfour-ninths,andmetatibiaestronglyemarginateinbasal half, theremaininginnermarginsofmeso-andmetatibiaedenselypubescent. Fema1e. Antennaeshorter; legs ratherslender,emarginationsof tibiae very weak. Diagnosis. Thisnewspeciesissimilar top minutus (PIc) fromSulawesi,but is easilyseparated from the latterbyhavingthebodymore tumid; elytramoredilated, intervals hardly convex,striaemoreweakly impressed,strial punctures well visible insteadofalmost invisibleinthelatter;mentumnarrowlinguiform; innerocularsulci feeble; pronotummoredensely anddistinctly punctate, withanterior marginmore thicklybordered; innermarginofmesotibiainmaledistinctlyemarginatebasallyand devoidof carinae in middle. Etymology. Thespecificnameisderivedfromstronglydilatedbody. Phaedis(Phaedis)ovah'pennisovah'penm's(KRAATz, l880) (Figs.1,12,19.23,28,35,40&41) Pselldellmofpusovaf1pe11川sKRAATz,1880, ll3 Measuremertts. Bodylength:9.1-11.0mm;width:4.2-4.7mm. Typee:lcamlned. 1ex.,Menado,(BATES),Haag. (ZSM). Speclmensexammed. l ,1早,Tondano,N.Sulawesi,10-IV-1989,Y.MIYAKEleg. (CKA0);1早, ditto,9-IV-1989,Y. MIYAKEleg. (CKA0); ld1',Sulawesi:TemOnOn, Rurukan,Gn.Mahawu,30-XI~3-XII-1999,1,150-1,200m,1eg.A.RIEDEL(SMNS); Indonesia,N-Sulawesi,1kmSSawangan,Flui3sta1b.RiverParkHotel,01°22'61″ l N,,l24°56'56″Eel~03-II-2004,250-300m,1eg.A.WEIGEL,UWS/Plant. (CRGT). Notes. Elytranot fusedwitheachother,hindwingsreduced,nearlyaston9as eachelytron,wingvenationsvestigial. 170 KivoshiANDo Phaedis (Phaedis)ovalipennisinornatussubsp nov (Figs 2,24,36&42) Measurements. Bodylength:8.6-11.0mm;width:4.3-5.0mm. Typeseries. Holotype:d'',Sulawesi:Kotamobagu,Modoinding,Gn. Ambang,6- XII-1999,1,100-1,450m,1eg.A.RIEDEL(SMNS).Paratypes: lf,1早,samedataasfor theholotype (SMNS&CKA0);2 1早,Sulawesi: Temonon,Rurukan,Gn. Ma- , hawu,30-XI~3-XII-1999,1,150-l,200m,1eg.A. RIEDEL(SMNS). Thisnewsubspeciesisseparablefromthenominotypica1subspeciesbythefollow- ingpoints:bodyreddishbrown,stronglygreenishbrassyondorsum,neither reddish purplelustrenorbluishgreensutural intervals; fourdistalsegmentsofantennae,and femoramoreor lessdarkened; headshorter in frontal half; pronotummorecoarsely punctate, withlateralmargins feeblyorscarcelysinuousbeforebase;elytradevoidof stripes, with humeral corners obtusely angulate, intervals coarsely punctate; m ore parameresindorsalviewnotconstrictedinmedianthird,gentlyconvergent frombase toapicalthird,andstronglysotoapicesinapicalthird. Etymology. Thesubspecificnamereferstotheimmaculateelytra. Phaedis(Phaedis)ohbayashiisp no v (Figs7,13,20,29,37&48) Measurements. Bodylength:7.3-7.5mm; width:3.3-3.5mm. Typeseries. Holotype: Indonesia,Bontongan,SulawesiSelatan,29-XII-1999, , N.0HBAYASHIleg. (EUMJ). Paratype:1早,samedataasfor theholotype(CKA0). Oblong-oval,weaklycalabashbottle-shaped,moderatelyshiny. Colourdarkred- dishbrown,dorsalsidedarkgreenishbrassy,sevenbasalsegmentsofantennaereddish brown,elytrawithmoreor lesspurplishlustre. M ale. Headsemicircular,moderatelysloping forwardsfromvertex,minutely andsparselypunctate;clypeusflat, roundlyproduced forwards; fronto-clypea1suture narrowandobscure,visibleinpart;genaeroundedatsides,buttheircurvatureisnot continuoustothat ofclypeus;eyessmall,hardlyproducedlaterad, innerocularsulci narrow,clearlyengraved; fronswithapairofovaldepressionsinfrontofsuture,wjth Puncturesalittlelargerandsparser thanthoseonclypeus,IE/TD=3.17;postgenae short,roundlytumidlaterad. Antennaemoderateinlength,reachingbeforemiddleof Pronotum; four distal segments dilated, forminga small club. Maxillary palpus triangular. Mentumlinguiform,withapairofcoarsedepressionsnearbase. Fi9S.40-49. HabitusofPhaedisspp. - 40,P. (P.)ovatipen1usovalipennls (KRAATz),specimen examined; 41,P. (P) oyatipennisovalipent1is(K1tAATz), type;42,P. (P)ovaljpennlsjnornatus SubSP nov;43,P. (P)masataka1sp nov;44,P. (P)nemor、i,agussp nov;45,P. (P)altjljssp. nov;46,P. (P)minutlis(PIc),type;47,P. (P)mintltus(PIc),specimenexamined;48,p. (p) o ayas/1l1sp nov;49,P. (P)ce/ebensls sp nov. NewP11aedisfromSulawesi 171 40 43 47 48 172 Kiyoshi ANDo P「onotumtransverselyquadrate,gentlyroundedandnotsinuousatsides,moder- atelyconvexforwards,widestatmiddle,withborderverynarrowexcept forbasalone, PW/PL=1.48;discdenselyandminutelypunctate,thepuncturesalmostsimilarinsize tothoseonfrons;anteriormarginnearlystraight;anterioranglesobtuse,notproduced. Elytraoblong-oval,fusedwitheachother,slightlywiderthanpronotumatthebase, distinctlyconvex,widest at basal two-fifths, thenstronglynarrowedtowardsapices, EL/EW=1.43;shoulderseffaced, lateralbordersverynarrow, invisiblefromabove; striaefine,stria1puncturesrather largeandirregular indensity,constantlybecoming Smalleratleastinapicalthird; intervalsfeeblyconvex,denselyandminutelypunctate; epipleurasmooth,broadenedathumeralportion. Hindwingsvestigial. Prosternumnotraisedalongthemiddle;presternalprocessnarrowbetweencoxae, aduncanddivergentposteriadbehindthem,roundlyconvergentapicadandobtusely 「ounded at the apex. Mesosternum with median ridge very weak and declivous fo「Wa「dS. Metasternumshort,shorter than thediameter ofmesocoxa in themedjan length. Le9SShort;profemorawithanteriorteethveryweakandobtuse; innermarginof meSOtibiadistinctlyemarginateinbasalthirdandfeeblysointherest,sparselysetous; innermarginofmetatibiaweaklybisinuous,andhardlypubescentinapicalhalf. Female. Innermarginsofmeso-andmetatibiaehardlysinuous. Diagnosis. ThisnewspeciessomewhatresemblesPminor(PIc) fromTonkin,but Si 「eadilydistinguishedfromthelatterbythemorestronglypear_shapedhindbody,the elyt「anotpurplebutgreenishbrassy,stria1punctureslesscoarselyarranged, jntervals denselyPunctate,feeblyconvexinsteadofdistinctlysointhelatter;thepronotumnearly straightatapex,withlateralmarginsnotsinuousbeforebase. Etymology. ThisnewspeciesiscordiallydedicatedtoDr.NobuoOHBAYAsHI,the collectorofthetypeseries. PhaedisOPhaedis)nemorivagussp nov (Figs8,14,21,30,38&44) Measuremeflts. Bodylength:12.0-12.6mm;width:5.3-5.5mm. Typeseries. Holotype:d'',PuncakPa1opo,S.Sulawesi, Indonesja,2-I-2000, K ANDoleg. (EUMJ).Paratype:l PuncakPa1opo,Sampunaalt.1,050m,s.sulawesj, , 23-I-2000,G.BEccEleg.(CKA0). M ale. Oblong,moderatelycalabashbottle-shaped,largeinsjze. Colourblack, head,P「onOtum, lateralmarginalportionandepipleuraofelytrametallicblue;major Pa「t ofelyt「ab「aSsyorbrassy-green,withstrongpurplishrefiectjon; venterblackjsh brown,withvioletlustreinpart. Head heXa9ona1, almost fiat, and distinctly sloping forwards, with punctures minute,moderateindensity;clypeusshallowlyemarginateatapexinmedjanthree_ fifths; f「onto-clypea1suturedistinct, longer in lateral parts than jn medjan; genae SubPa「allot-Sidedinbasal two-thirds;postgenaesimplynarrowedposteriad;eyesrather

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