Fitness nutrition for unique dietary needs PDF
Preview Fitness nutrition for unique dietary needs
Fitness Nutrition for Special Dietary Needs Stella Lucia Volpe, PhD, RD, LDN University of Pennsylvania Sara Bernier Sabelawski, MEd, RD, LDN University of Massachusetts, Amherst Christopher R. Mohr, PhD, RD, LDN Mohr Results Human Kinetics Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Volpe, Stella, 1963- Fitness nutrition for special dietary needs / Stella Lucia Volpe, Sara Bernier Sabelawski, Christopher R. Mohr. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-4812-5 (soft cover) ISBN-10: 0-7360-4812-X (soft cover) 1. Athletes--Nutrition. 2. Physical fitness--Nutritional aspects. I. Bernier Sabelawski, Sara, 1970- II. Mohr, Christopher R., 1977- III. Title. TX361.A8V65 2007 613.2'024796--dc22 2006036589 ISBN-10: 0-7360-4812-X (Print) 0-7360-8919-7 (Adobe PDF) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-4812-5 (Print) 978-0-7360-8919-7 (Adobe PDF) Copyright © 2007 by Stella Lucia Volpe, Sara Bernier Sabelawski, and Christopher R. Mohr All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechani- cal, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher. Notice: Permission to reproduce the following material is granted to instructors and agencies who have purchased Fitness Nutrition for Special Dietary Needs: pp. 7, 8, 11-12, 13, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50-53, 56, 60, 62, 63, 67, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 97, 98, 104, 113, 117, 118-119, 122-123, 127, 135, 136, 139, 151. The reproduction of other parts of this book is expressly forbidden by the above copyright notice. Persons or agencies who have not purchased Fitness Nutrition for Special Dietary Needs may not reproduce any material. The Web addresses cited in this text were current as of February 2007, unless otherwise noted. Acquisitions Editor: Michael S. Bahrke; Developmental Editor: Elaine H. Mustain; Assistant Editor: Melissa McCasky; Copyeditor: Robert Replinger; Proofreader: Erin Cler; Indexer: Betty Frizzéll; Permission Manager: Carly Breeding; Graphic Designer: Fred Starbird; Graphic Artist: Dawn Sills; Cover Designer: Keith Blomberg; Photographers (cover): Left to right: © Human Kinetics, © Human Kinetics, © Photodisc/Getty Images; Photographer (interior): All photos (c) Human Kinetics, unless otherwise noted; Photo Asset Manager: Laura Fitch; Visual Production Assistant: Joyce Brumfield; Photo Office Assistant: Jason Allen; Art Manager: Kelly Hendren; Illustrator: Keri Evans; Printer: United Graphics Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics Australia: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 57A Price Avenue Champaign, IL 61825-5076 Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 800-747-4457 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics New Zealand: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Division of Sports Distributors NZ Ltd. Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 P.O. Box 300 226 Albany 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) North Shore City e-mail: [email protected] Auckland 0064 9 448 1207 Europe: Human Kinetics e-mail: [email protected] 107 Bradford Road Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] I first want to thank God for all of His great gifts. I have dedicated this book to my wonderful husband, Gary R. Snyder; our special German shepherd dogs, Asko and Cenna; my dear parents, Antonio E. and Felicetta Volpe; and siblings, Christina Volpe Lubic, Anthony Volpe, and Loretta Volpe Carter and their families; as well as the Snyder family. My strong family support has helped me throughout my life. Stella Lucia Volpe I would like to thank my family, friends, and most of all, my husband, Shawn, for his constant support in all my endeavors. Thanks also to my dear friend and colleague, Stella Volpe, for providing the opportunity to work with her on this project. I would also like to acknowledge my two assistants, Bosco and Zoe, who were always there to give me support. Sara Jane Bernier Sabelawski I have dedicated this book to my wife, Kara; my parents, Rich and Linda; and my brother, Kevin. Thank you always for all your love and support and helping make me who I am today. Christopher R. Mohr Contents List of Reproducible Handouts vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1 Childhood and Adolescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Nutritional Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Major Nutritional Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Unique Nutritional Issues for Young Athletes . . . . . 17 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Chapter 2 Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Physiological Changes in Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Chapter 3 Menopause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Physiological Changes in Menopause . . . . . . . . . 41 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Chapter 4 Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Physiological Changes During Pregnancy . . . . . . . 59 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Nutrition-Related Issues in Pregnancy and Lactation. . 62 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 v vi Contents Chapter 5 Vegetarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Basics of Vegetarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Chapter 6 Overweight and Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Overweight, Obesity, and Health . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Basics of Weight Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Dietary Supplements and Weight Loss. . . . . . . . . 99 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Chapter 7 Diabetes Mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Overview of Diabetes Mellitus. . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Chapter 8 Eating Disorder s and Disordered Eating. . . . 129 Types of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating. . . 129 Identification and Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Nutrition and Physical Activity Recommendations. . 137 Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Chapter 9 Exercise in Extreme Environments . . . . . . . . 147 Physiological Changes in Extreme Environments. . . 147 Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Afterword 157 Appendix 159 Glossary 163 References 167 Index 179 About the Authors 185 List of Reproducible Handouts R eproducible items are identified by the following icon appearing in the outer margin next to them: Chapter 1 • Table 4.1 WeightGain Recommendations Based on Prepregnancy Body Mass Index • Table 1.1 Signs of Nutrient Deficiencies (BMI) • Table 1.2 Examples of Poor Versus Better • Sample Meal Plan for Pregnant Women Carbohydrate Choices • Activities to Avoid During Pregnancy • Sample Meal Plans for Children and Adoles- cents • Table 4.2 Average Energy Expenditure of Activities Beneficial for Pregnant Women • Table 1.3 Healthy Snack Options Chapter 5 Chapter 2 • Comparison of a Typical Nonvegetarian Diet • Figure 2.1 Tufts Food Guide Pyramid Versus a Typical Vegetarian Diet • Figure 2.2 Food label drawings • Table 5.2 Most Commonly Studied Phyto- • Table 2.1 Nutrition Facts Label chemicals • Table 2.2 Sources and Health Effects of • Table 5.3 Vegetarian Food Sources of Pro- Fats tein • Table 2.3 Nutrient Needs of Older Adults for • Table 5.4 Vegetarian Food Sources of Prob- Selected Vitamins and Minerals lematic Minerals • Table 2.4 Common Nutrient–Medication • Table 5.5 Vegetarian Food Sources of Prob- Interactions lematic Vitamins • Sample Meal Plan for Older Adults • Figure 5.1 Vegetarian food guide pyramid Chapter 3 • Sample Meal Plan for Vegetarians • Minimizing Menopausal Symptoms Through Chapter 6 Diet • Figure 6.3 Daily Food and Exercise Diary • Table 3.1 Four Main Groups of Phyto • Sample Meal Plan for Weight Management estrogens and Their Food Sources • Table 6.5 FatLoss Supplements and Their • Table 3.2 Foods Rich in Phytoestrogens Purported Mechanisms • Adding Phytoestrogens to Your Diet Chapter 7 • Table 3.4 Calcium and Phosphorus Content • Table 7.1 Nutritional Tips for Women With of Some Commonly Consumed Foods Gestational Diabetes Mellitus • Sample Meal Plan for Menopausal Women • Table 7.2 Glycemic Indexes of Different • Table 3.5 Nutrition for Active Menopausal Foods and Postmenopausal Women • Polyols and Novel Sugar Sweeteners • Table 3.6 Sample Exercise Prescription for • Approved Nonnutritive Sweeteners Menopausal Women • Sample Meal Plan for People With Type 1 Chapter 4 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus • Figure 4.1 Motherwell Pregnancy Food • Sample Exercise Prescription for People P yramid With Diabetes Mellitus vii viii List of Reproducible Handouts Chapter 8 • Sample Meal Plan for People With Eating • Screening History for the Female Athlete Disorders and Disordered Eating Triad Chapter 9 • Resources for Eating Disorders and Dis • Sample Meal Plan for People Who Exercise ordered Eating in Extreme Environments Preface T hank you for buying our book! It will provide • Chapters 3 and 4 concentrate on female ath- you with comprehensive information on letes and exercisers, with special emphases nutrition and exercise that you can use to help on menopause and pregnancy, two areas not your clients be at their best when they exercise, well written about in the sports nutrition whether competitively, for health and fitness, arena. or for recreation. Our goal was to make this an • Chapter 5 focuses on vegetarian athletes. easy-to-use reference for health care profession- They are often told that they need to eat als who work with athletes. Registered dietitians, meat (especially women), when the focus sports nutritionists, athletic trainers, personal needs to be on overall energy intake and trainers, physical therapists, sports medicine proper nutrient balance. physicians, and physiatrists all need to be able to • Chapter 6 centers on overweight athletes provide proper nutrition information to athletes and exercisers and athletes in weight- and exercisers with unique dietary needs. This dependent sports. With the prevalence of book provides scientifically based information obesity, this chapter is extremely important. to the health care professional so that he or she Furthermore, most sports nutrition books can guide clients to eat properly every day for do not address eating for optimal exercise optimal exercise performance at whatever level performance for overweight athletes and of exercise they prefer. Coaches will find much exercisers. We realize that not all people of interest in these pages to help them provide are at their ideal body weight, yet many sound dietary advice to both the athlete primarily overweight people engage in a structured in recreation and fitness and the competitive ath- exercise program. lete who wants to achieve optimal performance through improved nutrition. • Chapter 7 focuses on people who have dia- We have written the text in a readerfrien dly betes mellitus and who exercise. Athletes style that we hope will make it clear enough to and exercisers with diabetes mellitus are be read and understood by many of your clients rarely given information on proper sports with unique needs who exercise. These include nutrition, yet they may have more need for athletes and exercisers who are vegetarians, this information than any other group. females (with a special focus on pregnant women • Chapter 8 highlights eating disorders and and postmenopausal women), older adults, chil- disordered eating. This chapter covers two dren, adolescents, or overweight; athletes who main topics: (1) definitions of different types compete in weight-dependent sports; those with of eating disorders and disordered eating, disordered eating or diabetes; and those who and (2) ways to provide proper counseling exercise in very cold or extremely hot and humid to encourage healthy nutrition and appro- weather, or at high altitude. Here are the topics priate exercise. covered in each chapter: • Chapter 9 discusses the needs of those who • Chapter 1 focuses on children who exercise exercise in extreme environments such as and play sports. They are often overlooked very cold conditions, hot and humid condi- because not much research has been con- tions, or high altitude. Nutritional needs are ducted on them. People often treat them as greater in these conditions, especially for little adults, which they are not. those who exercise for long periods at high intensity. • Chapter 2 discusses older adult exercisers. Not much attention has been paid to this • The afterword provides a summary, conclu- group, either—in terms of their needs for sions, and future research recommenda- both nutrients and exercise. tions. ix x Preface The unique features of this book include category. Thus, we recommend that you use each meal plan as a base and then adjust it to • more than 40 reproducibles, including increase or decrease energy needs, nutrient sample meal plans, to hand out to clients or needs, and so on, depending on the client or patients: These are listed on pages 78 and patient’s age, gender, and activity category. In are also identified by an icon appearing in addition, as for all active people, water con- the outside margin next to each reproduc- sumption throughout the day is important. But ible item, people do not need to consume eight 8 oz (240 • indepth, stateoftheart scientific informa- ml) glasses of water per day because foods and tion, other beverages also provide fluids. Finally, we • exercise prescription guidelines, could not include foods from every country, but the alternative food tables in the appendix can • myths and fallacies about certain topics, be used in concert with the basic plans to create and plans that consider personal food tastes. • case studies written by our guest dieti- We hope that you enjoy this book and that it tians and nutritionists that illustrate the will become one of your daily reference books. practical application of the topic of each Please let us know how you like the book and chapter. how we can improve it for the next edition by Each meal plan provided is to be used as a contacting Dr. Stella L. Volpe at svolpe@nursing. guideline. We recognize that we cannot provide upenn.edu. a meal plan for each age, gender, and activity Thanks again for your interest!
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