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ISSN1020-5292 FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINESFOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 1 OPERATIONS Copyrightedmaterial FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINESFOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES FISHING OPERATIONS FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome.1996 Copyrightedmaterial Reprinted1997,1999 Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthis publicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoever onthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnited Nationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityor areaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofits frontiersorboundaries. M-40 ISBN92-5-103914-3 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedina retrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthe copyrightowner.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthe purposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector, InformationDivision.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations, VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00100Rome,Italy. ©FAO1996 Copyrightedmaterial Ill PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT OnthebasisofanExpertConsultationonResponsibleFishing,Sidney,BritishColombia, Canada,6to 11 June 1994,draftguidelineswithrespecttofishingoperationswere developedforFAObystaffmembersoftheFishingTechnologyService(Fill),ledbyJohn Fitzpatrick,Directora.i.FisheryIndustriesDivision. InlinewiththerecommendationsoftheCommitteeonFisheries(COFI),thesedraft guidelinesweresubmittedtotheTechnicalConsultationontheCodeofConductfor ResponsibleFishing(theCode),Rome,26Septemberto5October1994forinformation. ThedraftalsocontainedalistofAnnexessomeofwhichwereavailable,eitherina completeformorattheadvancedstageofdrafting,whereasothershadstilltobeelaborated. InparallelwiththedevelopmentoftheCode,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization (IMO): a) adoptedtheTorremolinosProtocolof1993relatingtotheTorremolinosInternational ConventionontheSafetyofFishingVessels,1977; b) amendedtheConventionontheTrainingandCertificationofWatchkeepers; c) developedanewConventionontheTrainingandCertificationofFishingVessel Personnel;and d) amendedtheInternationalRegulationsforthePreventionofCollisionsatSea(onthe recommendationofFAO). AsanintegralpartoftheCode,theFAOadoptedthe“AgreementtoPromoteCompliance withInternationalConservationandManagementMeasuresbyFishingVesselsontheHigh Seas” (the Compliance Agreement) that includes, inter-alia, the concept of the “Oapuetrhaotriioznastigorneattloyffiaschi"l.itaTthedetihnecrleuvsiisoinonofoftAhinsnecxoencsemptainndAIrVtitcoleth8eseofgutihdeelCinoedse.,Fishing Theseguidelineshavebeenpreparedtakingintoaccountthe: a) reportoftheExpertConsultationonResponsibleFishingOperations,Sidney,British Colombia,Canada,6-11June1994; b) elaborationoftheComplianceAgreement; c) developmentsattheUnitedNationsConferenceonStraddlingFishStocksand HighlyMigratoryFishStocks;and, d) theelaborationoftheCodeofConduct. FurtherAnnexesonspecifictechnicalsubjectsareinpreparationandthesewillbereleased intheformofa“SupplementtotheTechnicalGuidelinesonFishingOperations”asand whentheyarecompleted. These Guidelinesarepreliminaryandwill beevaluatedandrevisedas information accumulatesthroughtheirimplementation. This One 2F33-A09-CZU6 material iv FAOFishingTechnologyService. Fishingoperations. FAOTechnicalGuidelinesforResponsibleFisheries.No.1.Rome,FAO. 1996. 26p.6annexes. ABSTRACT InaccordancewiththerecommendationsoftheCommitteeonFisheries(COFI),FAO preparedthefirstdraftofthetechnicalguidelinesinrelationtoFishingOperations, whichweresubmittedtotheTechnicalConsultationontheCodeofConductfor ResponsibleFishing,Rome,26Septemberto5October1994.Thedraftwasprepared takingintoaccounttheDeclarationofCancun,Agenda21 ofUnitedNations ConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)andtheReportofthe ExpertConsultationonResponsibleFishingOperations,Sidney,BritishColombia, Canada,6-11June1994. Thereafter,thedraftwasrevisedtakingintoaccount,thenegotiationsattheUN Conferenceon StraddlingFish StocksandHighlyMigratoryFish Stocks, the elaborationoftheCodeaswellasdevelopmentsattheInternationalMaritime Organization(IMO)withregardtotheProtocoltotheTorTemolinosInternational ConventiononFishingVessel SafetyandthenewInternationalConventionon Training,CertificationandWatchkeepingforFishingVesselPersonnel,1995. TechnicalGuidelinesaregiveninsupportoftheimplementationoftheCodein relation to fishing operations. These are addressed to States, international organizations,fisheriesmanagementbodies,owners,managersandcharterersof fishingvesselsaswellasfishersandtheirorganizations.Guidanceisalsogivenwith respecttothegeneralpublic. Distribution: AllFAOMembersandAssociateMembers InterestedNationsandInternationalOrganizations FAOFisheriesDepartment FAOFisheriesOfficersinFAORegionalOffices InterestedNon-GovernmentalOrganizations Copyrightedmaterial V CONTENTS Background 1 Introduction 3 1. Objectives,DefinitionsandApplication 3 1 GuidelinesforallStates 4 3. GuidelinesforFlagStates 7 4 GuidelinesforPortStates 12 1 GuidelinesforFisheriesProtection 14 6. GuidelinesforFishingActivities 17 7. GuidelinesforEnergyOptimizationandProtectionoftheOzoneLayer 22 8. GuidelinesfortheDesign.ConstructionandModificationofHarbours andLandingPlacesforFishingVessels 23 9. GuidelinesfortheRemovalofRedundantOffshoreStructures, theCreationofArtificialReefsandtheDeploymentofFish AggregatingDevices 25 ListofAnnexes L ExamplesofInternationalConventions,Agreements andArrangementsHavingaBearingonFishingOperations D. TheStandardSpecificationsfortheMarking andIdentificationofFishingVessels HI. ProposedSystemfortheMarkingofFishingGear IV. ProposalsfortheApplicationofaStandardSystemofLights andShapesfortheIdentificationandLocationofFishingGear V. GuidelinesandStandardsfortheRemovalofOflshoreInstallationsand StructuresontheContinentalShelfandintheExclusiveF.conomic/one VI ProceduresfortheDevelopmentandManagementofHarbours andLandingPlacesforFishingVessels. Copyrightedmaterial 1 BACKGROUND 1. Fromancienttimes,fishinghasbeenamajorsourceoffoodforhumanityandaproviderof employmentandeconomicbenefitstothoseengagedinthisactivity. However,with increasedknowledgeandthedynamicdevelopmentoffisheriesitwasrealisedthataquatic resources,althoughrenewable,arenotinfiniteandneedtobeproperlymanaged,iftheir contributiontothenutritional,economicandsocialwell-beingofthegrowingworld's populationwastobesustained. 2. Theadoptionin1982oftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaprovideda newframeworkforthebettermanagementofmarineresources.Thenewlegalregimeof theoceansgavecoastalStatesrightsandresponsibilitiesforthemanagementanduseof fisheryresourceswithintheirEEZswhichembracesome90percentoftheworld'smarine fisheries. 3. Inrecentyears,worldfisherieshavebecomeadynamicallydevelopingsectorofthefood industryandcoastalStateshavestriventotakeadvantageoftheirnewopportunitiesby investinginmodemfishingfleetsandprocessingfactoriesinresponsetogrowing internationaldemandforfishandfisheryproducts. Itbecameclear,however,thatmany fisheriesresourcescouldnotsustainanoftenuncontrolledincreaseofexploitation. 4. Clearsignsofover-exploitationofimportantfishstocks,modificationsofecosystems, significanteconomiclosses,andinternationalconflictsonmanagementandfishtrade threatenedthelong-termsustainabilityoffisheriesandthecontributionoffisheriestofood supply. ThereforetheNineteenthSessionoftheFAOCommitteeonFisheries(COFI), heldinMarch 1991,recommendedthatnewapproachestofisheriesmanagement embracingconservationandenvironmental,aswellassocialandeconomic,considerations wereurgentlyneeded.FAOwasaskedtodeveloptheconceptofresponsiblefisheriesand elaborateaCodeofConducttofosteritsapplication. 5. Subsequently,theGovernmentofMexico,incollaborationwithFAO,organizedan InternationalConferenceonResponsibleFishinginCancun, inMay 1992. The DeclarationofCancunendorsedatthatConferencewasbroughttotheattentionofthe UfoNrRCeEspDonRsiioblSeumFimsihteriiensJ.unTehe19F92A,OwTheicchhniscuaplpoCrotnesdultthaetpiroenpoanraHtiiognhoSfeaasCFoidsehionfg,Cohnedlducitn September1992,furtherrecommendedtheelaborationofaCodetoaddresstheissues regardinghighseasfisheries. 6. TheOneHundredandSecondSessionoftheFAOCouncil,heldinNovember1992, discussedtheelaborationoftheCode,recommendingthatprioritybegiventohighseas issuesandrequestedthatproposalsfortheCodebepresentedtothe1993sessionofthe CommitteeonFisheries. 7. TheTwentiethSessionofCOFI,heldinMarch1993,examinedingeneraltheproposed frameworkandcontentfarsuchaCode,includingtheelaborationofguidelines,and endorsedatimeframeforthefurtherelaborationoftheCode. ItalsorequestedFAOto prepare,ona"fasttrack"basis,aspartoftheCode,proposalstopreventreflaggingof Copyrightedmaterial . 2 fishingvesselswhichaffectconservationandmanagementmeasuresonthehighseas. ThisresultedintheFAOConference,atitsTwenty-seventhSessioninNovember1993, adoptingtheAgreementtoPromoteCompliancewithInternationalConservationand ManagementMeasuresbyFishingVesselsontheHighSeas,whichaccordingtoFAO Conferenceresolution15/93formsanintegralpartoftheCode. 8. TheCodewasformulatedsoastobeinterpretedandappliedinconformitywiththe relevantrulesofinternationallaw',asreflectedintheUnitedNationsConventiononthe LawoftheSea,1982,aswellaswiththeAgreementfortheImplementationofthe ProvisionsoftheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSeaof10December1982 RelatingtotheConservationandManagementofStraddlingFishStocksandHighly MigratoryFishStocks,1995(UNAgreement)andinthelightofinteraliathe1992 DeclarationofCancun,the1992RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,in particularChapter17ofAgenda21 9. ThedevelopmentoftheCodewascarriedoutbyFAOinconsultationandcollaboration withrelevantUnitedNationsAgenciesandotherinternationalorganizationsincluding non-govemmentalorganizations. 10. TheCodeofConductconsistsoffiveintroductoryarticles:NatureandScope; Objectives;Relationshipwith OtherInternational Instruments; Implementation, MonitoringandUpdating;andSpecialRequirementsofDevelopingCountries. TheseintroductoryarticlesarefollowedbyanarticleonGeneralPrincipleswhich precedesthesixthematicarticleson:FisheriesManagement,FishingOperations, AquacultureDevelopment,IntegrationofFisheriesintoCoastalAreaManagement, Post-HarvestPracticesandTrade,andFisheriesResearch. Asalreadymentioned, the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and ManagementMeasuresbyFishingVesselsontheHighSeasformsanintegralpart oftheCode. 11. TinhteerCnaotdieonailsvloalwu,ntaasryr.eflHeoctweedveinr,thceerUtnaiitnepdarNtastioofnistCaorenvbeansteidonononretlierevaLntawruolefsthoef Seaof10December1982. TheCodealsocontainsprovisionsthatmaybeorhave alreadybeengivenbindingeffectbymeansofother obligatorylegalinstruments amongst the Parties, such as the Agreement to Promote Compliance with ConservationandManagementMeasuresbyFishingVesselsontheHighSeas, 1993. 12. TheTwenty-eighthSessionoftheConferenceinResolution4/95adoptedtheCodeof ConductforResponsibleFisherieson31October1995. ThesameResolutionrequested FAOinteraliatoelaborateasappropriatetecluiicalguidelinesinsupportoftire implementationoftheCodeincollaborationwithmembersandinterestedrelevant organizations. Copyrightedmaterial 3 INTRODUCTION 1. OBJECTIVES,DEFINITIONSANDAPPLICATION 1.1 Objectives 1. Toensurethelongtermsustainabilityoflivingmarineresourcessothatthesecanbe harvestedbygenerationstocomethusmakingasubstantialcontributiontoworld foodsecurityandemploymentopportunitiesisoneofthelongtermobjectiveofthe Code.Article8oftheCodefurtherdevelopstheprovisionsregardingfishing operations. 2. TheimmediateobjectiveoftheTechnicalGuidelinesistoprovidepracticaladviceto implementprovisionsofArticle8toensureallfishingoperationsareconducted responsibly. 1.2 Definitions 3. ForthepurposeoftheseGuidelines,unlessexpressedotherwise;thefollowing definitionsareused: a) "Fishingvessel"meansanyvesselusedorintendedtobeusedforthe commercialexploitationoflivingmarineresources,includingmotherships b) a"nFdisahneyr"othmeeravnesssaenldiinrdeicvtildyueanlgwagheodtiankseuscpharftishiinngfiospheirnagticoonnsd1u;ctedfroma fishingvessel,platform(whetherfixedorfloating)orfromtheshore; c) "Owner"meansanindividualorentityholdingsharesinafishingvesselor fishinglicence; d) "Manager"meansanindividualorentityactingonbehalfoftheownerfor theoperationofafishingvesselorafishingoperation; e) "Charterer"meansanyindividualorentitythatleasesavesselforafixed periodoftimeorforavoyage; f) "FisheriesProtectionVessel"meansavesselnotengagedincommercial activities,deployedbyaState,forthepurposeofmonitoring,control, surveillanceandlawenforcement;andisclearly ^identifiable being a governmentservice; g) "Transshipment"meansthatactoftransferringthecatchfromonefishing vesseltoeitheranotherfishingvesselortoavesselusedsolelyforthe carriageofcargo. TakenfromtheAgreementtoPromoteCompliancewithInternationalConservationand ManagementMeasuresbyFishingVesselsontheHighSeas(approvedbytheConferenceof FAO,November1993). Itshouldbenoted,however,thedefinitionofafishingvesselmayvary fcroontmroovneersaigarleeismseune.ttoNeaintohtheerr,thaendUiNnsCoonmveeinntsitoanncoensitthiesnLoatwdeofifntehdeaSseiat,is1l9i8k2e,lytnoorbetchoemeUNa Agreementcontainadefinitionofafishingvessel Further,itshouldbenotedalsothat definitionsoffishingvesselsinnationallawsconcerningfishingarelikelytobeverywide indeed,andcovermorethanthedefinitiontakenfromtheComplianceAgreement. Copyrightedmaterial 4 1.3 Application 4. TheGuidelinesmaybeappliedbyStatesonavoluntarybasisto: a) toallfishingoperationsonalloceans,seasandinlandwaters; b) fishers,owners,managers,mastersofharboursforfishingvessels,and competentauthoritiesforthepurposeoffisheriesmanagementandmaritime transport;and, c) allfishingvesselsandvesselsengagedinthetransshipmentoffish,as definedinparagraph3. 2. GUIDELINESFORALLSTATES (Ref.Section8.1oftheCode) 2.1 ThoseEngagedinFishing 5. Statesshouldprovideconditions forthoseengaged in fishingthat encourage responsiblefishingbyensuringthat: a) tireinterestsofthoseengagedinfishingarerecognizedandsufficiently securetoprovidefortheirlongtermcontributiontothehealthoffisheries resourcesandinter-generationalequity, b) incomesaresufficienttoallowconservationandmanagementmeasurestobe imposedwithoutcausingunduefinancialhardshiponfishersandfishing vesselowners; c) mattersconcerningthesafetyandhealthofthoseengagedinthefishing industryaregivendueconsiderationbytakingintoaccounttheprovisionsof tire relevant ILOconventions, as well as the recommendations ofits CommitteeonConditionsofWorkandServiceintheFishingIndustry,and, d) provisionsaremadefortheviewsofthoseengagedinfishingtobetakeninto accountwhenmanagementpoliciesarebeingelaborated2. 2.2 AuthorizationtoFish 6. Withinwatersundertheirjurisdiction, Statesshouldensurethatonlyfishing operationsallowedbythemareconducted. 7. Theauthorizationtofishshouldcontaindetailsofthefishingactivitysoauthorized, aswellasinformationregardingthenamesandaddressesofthoseauthorizedand, whereappropriate,technicalinformationrelatedtoanyfishingvesselinvolved. Statesshouldmaintainarecord,updatedatregularintervals,ofallauthorizationsto fishissuedbythem. Partnershipsbetweenthoseinvolvedinfishingandthoseresponsibleforfisheriesmanagement shouldbeencouraged;furtherinformationisgivenintheguidelinesonfisheriesmanagement. Copyrightedmaterial
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