Fishes of Antarctica: A biological overview

358 Pages·1998·13.76 MB·English

by  Guido Di Prisco

Springer-Verlag Italia Sri.
G. di Prisco • E. Pisano • A. Clarke
Fishes of Antarctica
A biological overview
GUIDO DI PRISCO
Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Enzymology
CNR
Naples, Italy
EVA PISANO
Institute of Comparative Anatomy
University of Genoa
Genoa, Italy
ANDREW CLARKE
British Antarctic Survey
Cambridge, United Kingdom
© Springer-Verlag Italia 1998
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Italia, Milano in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
ISBN 978-88-470-2182-2 ISBN 978-88-470-2157-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-2157-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Fishes of Antarctica: a biological overview
/ G. di Prisco, E. Pisano, A. Clarke, p. cm. Papers presented at a conference held May 1997 at
the Certosa di Pontignano, Siena. Italy. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN
8847000289 (hardcover) 1. Fishes-Antarctic Ocean-Congresses. I. di Prisco, Guido. 1937- .
II. Pisano. E. (Eva), 1951- . III. Clarke, A. (Andrew), 1949- . QL637.2.F56 1998
567,177'09167-dc21 98-25736 CIP
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Preface
The Antarctic fish fauna has evolved over a long period of geographic and
climatic isolation. In the course of this evolution, Antarctic fish have
developed specialized adaptations, some of which characterize these
organisms as unique. In strong contrast to the continental shelf faunas
elsewhere, the Antarctic shelf ichthyofauna is dominated by a single
highly endemic group, the Notothenioidei. This group of perciform fish
probably first appeared and diversified in the early Tertiary. The
development of the Polar Front (referred to as the Antarctic Convergence
in the older literature) resulted in a natural oceanographic barrier to
migration in either direction, and thus became a key factor in the evolution
of Antarctic fish.
The dominance of the Antarctic continental shelf fauna by a single
taxonomic group of fish provides a simplified natural laboratory for
exploring the wealth of physiological, biochemical and ecological
adaptations that characterize the fauna. Understanding of the patterns of
adaptation in this highly specialized group of fish can tell us much about
the process of evolution.
In the past 20 years Antarctic fish have become the focus of a large and
varied research programme by scientists from many nations. Topics have
included morphology, ecology, population dynamics, biochemistry,
physiology, genetics and molecular phylogeny. Most of this research has
been undertaken on an individual basis, but there has been an increasing
realisation that the difficulties of working in Antarctica and the isolation
of the few laboratories on the continent mean that international
collaboration is important. Such cooperation strengthens the efforts of
individuals and small research groups with a well coordinated
multinational and multidisciplinary scientific framework.
A significant step in this direction was taken in 1993 when the European
Science Foundation launched the 3-year Network "Fishes of the Antarctic
Ocean." This Network linked all of the European countries engaged in
scientific research on Antarctic fish, but contact was also extended to
nonEuropean scientists and especially those from the USA, New Zealand
and the former Soviet Union. This Network has facilitated exchanges of
ideas and also helped the planning of collaborative research. Existing
interactions have been strengthened, with new cooperation established and
significant exchange of younger scientists between European laboratories.
Of particular importance have been the annual workshops on selected
scientific themes.
VI Preface
The Final Conference of the Network was held in May 1997 at the
Certosa di Pontignano, Siena, Italy. The contributions presented at the
Conference have been collected together in this volume after peer-review.
They focus on the evolutionary adaptation of the Antarctic ichthyofauna to
the Southern Ocean, how this has been achieved and the mechanisms
involved. Several papers also make comparison with Arctic fish. The
taxonomic composition and evolutionary history of the Arctic fish fauna
differ from that of the Southern Ocean, and such comparisons are thus
important in distinguishing factors that might be related to polar
conditions from those that are simply a general feature of notothenioid
fishes.
This volume provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of
research into Antarctic fish. It also emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature
of recent work in this field, and particularly the important interactions
between taxonomists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists and molecular
biologists. The resulting synthesis could not currently be achieved for any
other group of Antarctic marine organisms. Five keynote presentations,
given by Joe Eastman and Andrew Clarke, George Somero, Luca
Bargelloni and Guillaume Lecointre, Chris Cheng DeVries, and Charles
Gerday and Guido di Prisco, paved the way for wide-ranging and
stimulating discussions. These demonstrated the extent to which the
subject has benefitted from the interactions between traditional biologists
and molecular biologists in elucidating the pattern and timing of the
notothenioid radiation in the Southern Ocean. This was particularly
pleasing as it was a major reason behind the setting up of the Network.
We would like to express our gratitude to the speakers, authors and
referees of the papers collected together in this volume. The financial
support of the European Science Foundation and PNRA (Italian National
Programme for Antarctic Research) is gratefully acknowledged. The help
offered by Silvano Focardi of the University of Siena ensured that the
stimulating conclusive Conference of the Network was held in beautiful
surroundings.
May 1998
Guido di Prisco
Eva Pisano
Andrew Clarke
Table of Contents
Introductory Overview
A Comparison of Adaptive Radiations of Antarctic Fish
with those of NonAntarctic Fish
J. T. Eastman and A. Clarke _________________________________________________________________ .3
Part 1 Ecology
Age, Growth and Maximum Size
of Antarctic Notothenioid Fish - Revisited
K-H. Kock and 1. Everson 29
Maternal Output in Polar Fish Reproduction
J.S. Christiansen, S.E. Fevolden, O. V. Karamushko
and L.I. Karamushko _________________________________________________________________________ A1
Development, Dispersal and Recruitment:
A Paradox for Survival Among Antarctic Fish
M.G. White 53
The Pelagic Fish Community of the Polar Frontal Zone
off the Kerguelen Islands
G. Duhamel 63
Preliminary Investigations on the Evolution
of the Tribe Electronini (Myctophiformes, Myctophidae)
P.A. Hulley __________________________________________________________________________________________ 75
Diversity of Digenea, Parasites of Fishes in Various Areas
of the Antarctic
K Zdzitowiecki ___________________________________________________________________________________ 87
VIII Table of Contents
Part 2 Physiology and Biochemistry
Cold Adaptation and Stenothermy in Antarctic Notothenioid
Fishes: What Has Been Gained and What Has Been Lost
G.N. Somero, P.A. Fields, G.E. Hofmann, R.B. Weinstein and
H. KawaU 97
---.---------.--_.----._---.------.-----------------------._----------------------------------
Do Antarctic Fish Respond to Heat Shock?
L. Carratu, A. Y. Gracey, S. Buono and B. Maresca ..................... ) 11
Aspects of Eco-Physiological Adaptations in Antarctic Fish
A.P.A. Wohrmann 119
The Oxidative Metabolism of Antarctic Fish:
Some Peculiar Aspects of Cold Adaptation
B. Giardina, A. Mordente, B. Zappacosta, C. Calia,
L. Coiacicco, M.L. Gozzo and S. Lippa ________________________________________ .) 29
Molecular Adaptation of Microtubules and Microtubule Motors
from Antarctic Fish
H. W. Detrich, III ______________________________________________________________________________ .13 9
Metallothionein in Antarctic Fish
V. Carginale, A. Capasso, C. Capasso, P. Kille, E. Parisi,
G.L. Passaretti, G. di Prisco, M. Riggio and R. Scudiero __________ .) 51
Respiration and Activity of Arctic and Antarctic Fish
with Different Modes of Life: A Multivariate Analysis
of Experimental Data
C. Zimmermann and G. Hubold 163
Antarctic Fish Immunoglobulins:
Preliminary Data on Structure and Antibody Specificity
M.R. Coscia and U. Oreste 175
Vascular Adaptations for a Low Pressure/High Flow
Blood Supply to Locomotory Muscles of Antarctic Icefish
S. Egginton and J. C. Rankin ____________________________________________________________ 185
Table of Contents IX
Cardiac and Locomotory Muscle Mass in Antarctic Fishes
R.F. Robertson, N.M. Whiteley and S. Egginton _____ ...................... 197
Natriuretic Peptides in Antarctic Teleosts: Cardiac Receptors
in Chionodraco hamatus and Trematomus bernacchii
M. C. Cerra, R. Mazza, D. Pellegrino and B. Tota _______________________ .205
Atrial Natriuretic Peptides in Antarctic Fish
M.A. Masini, M. Stur/a, E. Pisano, P. Koubbi,
R. Coradeghini and B.M. Uva _________________________________________________________ 215
Exercise in the Cold: High Energy Turnover in Antarctic Fish
P.L.M. van Dijk, 1. Hardewig and H.O. Portner __________________________ .225
Ion and Metabolite Transport Through the Intestinal Luminal
Membranes of the Antarctic Fish Trematomus bernacchii
M. Maffia, R. Acierno, M. Rollo and C. Storelli ___________________________ 237
The Neuroendocrine System in the Intestinal Tract and
Pancreas of Antarctic Fish
G. Tagliafierro, M. Carlini, G. Faraldi and L. Gallus ________________ .247
Part 3 Evolution and Phylogeny
Four Years in Notothenioid Systematics: A Molecular
Perspective
L. Bargelloni and G. Lecointre ______________________________________________________ .259
Chromosome Diversification in Antarctic Fish (Notothenioidei)
E. Pisano, C. Ozouf-Costaz and V. Prirodina ______________________________ .275
Phylogeny of the Channichthyidae (Notothenioidei, Teleostei)
Based on Two Mitochondrial Genes
W-J. Chen, C. Bonillo and G. Lecointre ______________________________________ .287
Allozymic Polymorphism and Phylogeny
of the Family Channichthyidae
c.
O. Clement, Ozouf-Costaz, G. Lecointre and P. Berrebi 299
x
Table of Contents
Origin and Mechanism of Evolution
of Antifreeze Glycoproteins in Polar Fishes
c.-H. C. Cheng _________________________________________________________________________________ ) 11
Evolution of Sensory Systems:
A Comparison of Antarctic and Deep-Sea Ichthyofauna
J. C. Montgomery and J.A. Macdonald __________________________________________ )29
Molecular Adaptations in Antarctic Fish Hemoglobins
G. di Prisco 339
Evolutionary Studies on Teleost Hemoglobin Sequences
W. T. Stam, J.J. Beintema, R. D'Avino, M. Tamburrini,
E. Cocca and G. di Prisco -----------------------------------------------------------.---355
Subject Index _________________________________________________________________________________ 361
List of Contributors
Acierno, R 237 Kawall, H 97
Bargelloni, L 259 Kille, P 151
Beintema, JJ 355 Kock,K-H 29
Berrebi, P 299 Koubbi, P 215
Bonillo, C 287 Lecointre, G 259,287,299
Buono,S 111 Lippa,S 129
Calla,C 129 Macdonald, JA 329
Capasso, A 151 Maffia, M 237
Capasso, C 151 Maresca, B 111
Carginale, V 151 Masini, MA 215
Carlini, M 247 Mazza, R 205
CarratU, L 111 Montgomery, JC 329
Cerra, MC 205 Mordente, A 129
Chen, W-J 287 Oreste, U 175
Cheng, C-HC 311 Ozouf-Costaz, C 275,299
Christiansen, JS 41 Parisi, E 151
Clarke, A 3 Passaretti, GL 151
Clement, 0 299 Pellegrino, D 205
Cocca, E 355 Pisano, E 215,275
Colacicco, L 129 Portner, HO 225
Coradeghini, R 215 Prirodina, VP 275
Coscia, MR 175 Rankin, JC 185
D'Avino,R 355 Riggio, M 151
Detrich, HW III 139 Robertson, RF 197
di Prisco, G 151,339,355 Rollo, M 237
Duhamel, G 63 Scudiero, R 151
Eastman, IT 3 Somero, GN 97
Egginton, S 185, 197 Starn, WT 355
Everson, I 29 Storelli, C 237
Faraldi, G 247 Sturla, M 215
Fevolden, SE 41 Tagliafierro, G 247
Fields, PA 97 Tamburrini, M 355
Gallus, L 247 Tota,B 205
Giardina, B 129 Uva,BM 215
Gozzo,ML 129 van Dijk, PLM 225
GraceY,AY 111 Weinstein, RB 97
Hardewig, I 225 White,MG 53
Hofmann,GE 97 Whiteley, NM 197
Hubold, G 163 Wohrmann, AP A 119
Hulley, PA 75 Zappacosta, B 129
Karamushko, LI 41 Zdzitowiecki, K 87
Karamushko,OV 41 Zimmermann, C 163