Table Of Content

r%<s&V9î>Sf2^r^^s^7riîyS^2^ U.S. Department of Commerce Fishery Volume 105 Number 1 2007 January Bulletin U.S. Department of Commerce CarlosM. Gutierrez Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ViceAdmiral Conrad C. LautenbacherJr., USN (ret) UnderSecretary for OceansandAtmosphere Scientific Editor Adam Moles, Ph.D. Associate Editor National Marine Elizabeth Calvert Fisheries Service National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA William T. Hogarth 11305 Glacier Highway AssistantAdministrator Juneau, Alaska 99801-8626 forFistieries Managing Editor ^°""\ Sharyn Matriotti \ National Marine Fishenes Sen/ice Scientific Publications Office / 7600 Sand PointWay NE, BIN C15700 Seattle, Washington 98115-0070 ÂTES0»' Editorial Committee TheFisheryBulletin (ISSN0090-0656) is published quarterly by the Scientific Harlyn O. Halvorson, Ph.D. UniversityofMassachusetts, Boston Publications Office, National Marine RonaldW. Hardy,Ph.D. UniversityofIdaho, Hagerman FPiosihnetriWeasySNeEr,vicBeI,N NCO1A57A0,0, S7e6a0t0tle,SaWnAd Richard D. Methot, Ph.D. National MarineFisheries Service 98115-0070. Periodicals postage is paid TheodoreW. Pietsch, Ph.D. UniversityofWashington, Seattle at Seattle, WA. POSTMASTER: Send Joseph E. Powers, Ph.D. National Marine Fisheries Service addresschangesforsubscriptionstoFish- Harald Rosenthal, Ph.D. Universitat Kiel,Germany ery Bulletin, Superintendent of Docu- FredricM. Serchuk,Ph.D. National MarineFisheriesService ments, Attn.: Chief, Mail List Branch, Mail StopSSOM,Washington,DC20402- GeorgeWalters, Ph.D. National Marine FisheriesService 9373. Although the contents ofthis publication have not been copyrighted and may FisheryBulletin web site: www.fishbull.noaa.gov be reprinted entirely, reference to source isappreciated. The Secretary ofCommerce has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary according to law for The Fishery Bulletin carries original research reports and technical notes on investigations in the transaction ofpublic business ofthis fishery science, engineering, and economics. It began as the Bulletin ofthe United States Fish Department. Use offunds for printingof Commission in 1881; it became the Bulletin ofthe BureauofFisheries in 1904 and theFisheiy this periodical has been approved by the Bulletin ofthe Fish and Wildlife Service in 1941. Separates were issued as documents through DirectoroftheOfficeofManagementand volume 46; the last document was No. 1103. Beginning with volume 47 in 1931 and continuing BDOfuofdFcigucoeemr,te.nWstaassl,heinUbg.ytSo.nt,hGeoDvCSeur2pn0em4re0i2nn.tteSnPudbresincntrtiipno-gf tbbuhelrgloaeutnignhi.nvB1oe9lg6ui3mnenwiin6tg2hwivinothl19u6vm3oe,lu6em3aecihn70s,wehpniaucrmhabteeparpaep1r,pseJaaarnreuedabraoysuna19d7n2tu,omgbteheterheeFrdisibhnuelralyetsBiiunnl.glleAetiinnsesbwueecsoayfmsettehmea t$i5o0n.4p0ricfeorpeeirgn.yeaCro:s$t36p.e0r0 dsoimngelseticissauned: poefrDioodciucmael,ntiss,suUe.dS.quGaortveerrlny.meInntthPirsinftoirnmg,Oiftfiiscea,vWaialsahbilnegtbyons,ubDsCcr2i0p4ti0o2n.fItroismatlhseoaSvuapielraibnletefnrdeeenitn $28.00 domestic and $35.00 foreign. See limitednumberstolibraries, research institutions, State andFederal agencies, andin exchange backfororderform. forotherscientificpublications. U.S. Department of Commerce Fishery Seattle, Washington Volume 105 Number 1 2007 January Bulletin Contents ^N Articles Massachusero 1-18 Wexler, Jeanne B., Seinen Chow, Toshie Wakabayashi, Kenji Nohara, and Daniel Margulies Temporal variation in growth of yellowfin tuna (.Thunnus albacares) larvae in the Panama Bight, 1990-97 19—29 McDermott, Susanne F., Katherine P. Maslenikov, and Donald R. Gunderson Annual fecundity, batch fecundity, and oocyte atresia of Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) in Alaskan waters 30-38 Hobbs, James A., William A Bennett, Jessica E Burton, and Bradd Baskerville-Bridges Modification of the biological intercept model to account The conclusions and opinions ex- for ontogenetic effects in laboratory-reared delta smelt pressed in Fishery Bulletin are {Hypomesus transpacificus) solely those ofthe authors and do notrepresenttheofficialpositionof theNationalMarineFisher-iesSer- viincsetiituNtOioAnA.loranyotheragencyor 39—48 Laidig, Thomas E., James R. Chess, and Daniel F. Howard Relationship between abundance of juvenile rockfishes TSehrevicNeat(iNoMnFalSlMdaoreisnneotFaipsphreorviee,s (Sebastes spp.) and environmental variables documented off recommend,orendorseanyproprie- northern California and potential mechanisms for the covariation taryproductorproprietarymaterial mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by 49—61 Harley, Shelton J„ and Jenny M, Suter NprMoFmSot,ioinnawhniycahdvweorutilsdinigndoircastaeleosr The potential use of time-area closures to reduce catches of implythatNMFSapproves,recom- bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the purse-seme fishery of the mends,orendorsesanyproprietary eastern Pacific Ocean product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has adisreicttslypuorrpionsdeireacntlyinttheentadtvoerctaiusseed 62-73 Secor, David H., and Philip M. Piccoli product to be used or purchased Oceanic migration rates of Upper Chesapeake Bay striped bass becauseofthisNMFSpublication. (Moronesaxatiiis), determined by otolith microchemical analysis Fishery Bulletin 105(1) 74—87 Matkin, Craig O., Lance G. Barrett-Lennard, Harald Yurk, David Ellifrit, and Andrew W. Trites Ecotypic variation and predatory behavior among killer whales (Orcinus orca) off the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska 88—101 Stockhausen, William T., and Michael Fogarty Removing observational noise from fisheries-independent time series data using ARIMA models 102—115 Pitcher, Kenneth W., Peter F. Olesiuk, Robin F. Brown, Mark S. Lowry,. Steven J. Jeffries, John L. Sease, Wayne L. Ferryman, Charles E. Stinchcomb, Lloyd F. Lowry Abundance and distribution of the eastern North Pacific Steller sea lion (Eumetopiasjubatus) population 116—120 Gerritsen, Hans D., and David McGrath Precision estimates and suggested sample sizes for length-frequency data 121—130 Farley, Edward V. Jr, James M. Murphy, Mile D. Adkison, Lisa B. Eisner, John H. Helle, Jamal H. Moss, and Jennifer Nielsen Early marine growth in relation to marine-stage survival rates for Alaska sockeye salmon (.Oncorhynchus nerka) 131—139 Ganias, Konstantinos, Cristina Nunes, and Yorgos Stratoudakis Degeneration of postovulatory follicles in the Ibersian sardine Sordinopilchardus: structural changes and factors affecting resorption Notes 140—146 Arrizabalaga, Haritz, Victoria Lopez-Rodas, Eduardo Costas, and Alberto Gonzalez-Garces Use of genetic data to assess the uncertainty in stock assessments due to the assumed stock structure: the case of albacore (Thunnusolalunga) from the Atlantic Ocean 147—152 Cherel, Yves, Richard Sabatie, Michel Potier, Francis Marsac, and Frederic Menard New information from fish diets on the importance of glassy flying squid (Hyoloteuthispelagica) (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae) in the epipelagic cephalopod community of the tropical Atlantic Ocean 153—157 Conti, Stephane G., Benjamin D. Maurer, Mark A. Drawbridge, and David A. Demer Measurements of total scattering spectra from bocaccio (Sebostespaucispinis) 158-159 Guidelines for authors — Abstract Tuna larvae (at flexion, Temporal variation in growth of yellowfin tuna pstoasgtefsl)exwieorne,coalnledctetdrbaynsdfioprnmeattiaonnd iThunnus aibacares) larvae in the Panama Bight, light traps at night in the northwest- 1990-97 ernPanamaBightduringtheseasonof reduced upwelling(June-September) of 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1997. The Jeanne B. Wexler(contactauthor)' larvae were identified as yellowfin tuna {Thunnus alhacares) by mtDNA Seinen Chow^ analysis. Ichthyoplankton data from Toshie WakabayashP bongo and Tucker trawl tows were used to examine the potential prey Kenji Nohara^ abundance in relation to the mean Daniel Margulies' size-at-age and growth rates of the yellowfin tuna larvae and their oto- Email address forJ. B, Wexler: [email protected] liths. The most rapid growth rates ' Inter-Amencan TropicalTuna Commission occurred during June 1990 when 8604 LaJolla Stiores Drive plankton volumes were at their LaJolla, California 92037-1508 highest levels. The lowest plankton 2 National Research! InstituteofFisheries Science Nagai volumes coincided with the lowest 6-31-1 Yokosuka growth rates and mean sizes-at-age Kanagawa 283-0316Japan during the August-September 1991 ^ National Research Instituteof FarSeas Fisheries period. High densities oflarval fish 5-7-1 Shimizu-Orido were prevalentintheichthyoplankton Shizuoka 424-8633 Japan towsduringthe 1991 period;therefore intra- and interspecific competition for limited food resources may have been the cause ofslowergrowth(den- tsiutnya-dleaprevnadeenTthegrhoiwgthhe)stinmyeealnlowsfeian- Yellowfin tuna iThunnus aibacares) ventional methods. However, allozyme surface temperature and the lowest larvae inhabit the mixed layer of all (Graves, et al., 1988) and recent mo- meanwind stressoccurredduringan tropical and subtropical oceans ofthe lecular (Takeyama et al., 2001; Chow El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) world (Ueyanagi, 1969; Nishikawa et et al., 2003) analyses have made it event during the 1997 period. There al., 1985). When recruited to the com- feasible to identify larvae ofthese two appeared to be no clear association mercial fishery, yellowfin tuna are one species that inhabit the EPO. between these environmental fac- of the most important tuna species The growth dynamics of yellowfin tors and larval growth rates, but worldwide (Collette and Nauen, 1983; tuna during early life stages may the higher temperatures may have FAO, 2004). Near-daily spawning of have a profound effect on cohort caused an increase in the short-term yellowfin tuna, and the subsequent strength (Houde, 1987), but growth growthofotolithsin relationtolarval fish size. dispersal of fertilized eggs, appears rates have not been described for the to be largely dependent on the occur- larvae in the Pacific Ocean. Larval rence of surface water temperatures and juvenile stage durations and equal to or greater than 24°C (Schae- corresponding growth rates (Houde, fer, 1998). In the eastern Pacific 1989), starvation rates (Margulies, Ocean (EPO), yellowfin tuna spawn 1993), and larval transport and pre- continuously between 0° and 20°N dation (Grimes, 2001) may be strongly (Schaefer, 20011. Despite widespread influenced by biological and physical spawning of yellowfin tuna through- processes that would affect prerecruit out the EPO, the larvae are patchy survival in yellowfin tuna. Standing in distribution (Ahlstrom, 1971), and stocks of phytoplankton and zoo- relatively large numbers have been plankton in the EPO, where yellow- collected only near islands (Graves et fin tuna larvae are found are seasonal., 1988; this study) and near shore ally variable (Blackburn et al., 1970; (Gonzalez Armas, 2002). Owen and Zeitschel, 1970; Lauth and The larvae ofThunnus are difficult Olson, 1996; Gonzalez Armas, 2002) to identify by meristic, morphological, and influenced by interannual events or pigmentation characteristics (Mat- such as El Nino-Southern Oscilla- sumoto et al., 1972; Potthoff, 1974; tion (ENSO) conditions (Dessier and Manuscriptsubmitted22October2004 Richards et al., 1990; Lang et al., Donguy, 1987; Fiedler, 1992; Chavez totheScientificEditor'sOffice. 1994). In the EPO, the late-larval and et al., 1999; Strutton and Chavez, Manuscriptaccepted 14March2006 early-juvenile stages ofyellowfin and 2000). In the northwestern Panama bytheScientificEditor. bigeye (T. obesus) tuna co-exist and Bight ofthe EPO, nearshore ichthyo- Fish. Bull. 105:1-18(2007). cannot be differentiated by these con- plankton surveys (from 1989 to 1993) Fishery Bulletin 105(1) Wexler et al.: Temporal variation in larval growth of Thunnusolbocares in the Panama Bight 1993) deployed nearthe surface. All larvae 20' 80°W werefixedin 95% ethyl alcohol shortly after capture, except for some that were caught alive and used in laboratory experiments. V;^"" i" CaribbeanSea Fish used in laboratory experiments were not used for the age and growth analyses. SSTs were recorded with a bucket ther- mometer, and the salinity of a sample of water taken just below the surface was 30' measured with a handheld salinometer. Visual observations ofenvironmental conditions (e.g., wind, currents, and weather) were recorded at the time ofsampling. Laboratory procedures and analyses Larvae ofthe genus Thunnus were sorted from other scombrid larvae bythe morphological features and meristics described in NishikawaandRimmer(1987)andAmbrose (1996). The standard length (SL) of each larvawasmeasuredin distilledwaterbefore the sagittal otoliths were removed for aging and before the remaining tissue of each individual was placed in 95% ethyl alcohol for species identification. The sagittae were removed, cleaned oftissue with chlo- rinebleach, rinsedin distilled water, dried, yN - and embedded distal side up with Eukitt (O. Kindler, Freiberg, Germany) mount- ing medium on a glass slide. The diameter along the longest axis of each sagitta was measured with an ocular micrometer and light microscope. The sagittae were pol- ished at the surface until the increments were clearly visible with transmitted light at a magnification of 480 or 720x. Daily increments (previously validated in Wexler et al., 2001) of the left and right sagittae werecounted "blindly" (i.e., repeated counts were made without prior knowledge ofthe previous counts)bythefirstauthoruntil the same number of increments were counted at least three times in one ofthe sagittae. The number of increments in the sagitta that was more clearly read (which usually resulted in a higher count) was used as a direct estimate ofage for that fish. The temporal variation in growth was examined by comparing the size-at-age data of the larvae and their otoliths among collection periods through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a multiple range comparison test (Tukey HSD) (XLSTAT vers. 7.5.2, Addinsoft USA, New York, NY) (a=0.05). DNA analysis and species identification The flanking region between ATPase 6 and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes of mtDNA was ampli- fied by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Fishery Bulletin 105(1) Wexler et al Temporal variation in larval growth of Thunnusalbocares In the Panama Bight bongo were averaged. Beginning in 1991. a 0.6- Suilace winds m- Tucker trawl equipped with a 335-mm mesh net, flow meter, and temperature-depth logger August was used to sample ichthyoplankton at discrete 15°l depths at only the Punta Mala shelfbreak (MSB). These surveys were designed to study the vertical distribution and in situ growth and starvation rates of tuna larvae and the abundance of their zooplankton prey (lATTCi; IATTC-). Two replicate tows of4 to 5 minutes were made at each ofthree or four depth strata: 0-5 (stratum 1), 5-20 (stratum 2), 20-40 (stratum 3), and 40-60 m (stratum 4). Plankton volumes were standardized (Smith and Richardson, 19771 at each depth stratum and cwoemrpearaeddtehde tmoegaenthpelranfokrtoenacvholsuamemsplcionlglecdtaeyd btyo ^ PCif ( l(! i:lU::^p/, /, A ,, y -, . the Tuckertrawl with those collected by the bongo tiiiil. tows ofthe previous year. Mean plankton volumes 100"W 95=W 85°W 80°W were compared between collection group periods by using a one-way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA), Surface currents the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range comparison test (SNK test), and a ^test for unequal variance (o=0.05) when appropriate (Zar, 1984). In 1991, all four depth strata were sampled, but in 1992 only the first three strata were sampled. Additionally, a 73-f(m mesh net with a mouth area of0.014 m- was nested inside the Tucker trawl in 1992 to collect microzooplankton simultaneously with all other plankters. The displaced volume of the microzooplankton was included in the total standardized plankton volume for each sampling day. Water temperatures, surface wind speeds (m/s), and salinity values (psu) were measured (described in Lauth and Olson, 1996) during each sampling day. Plankton displacement volumes for all years were also standardized as plankton volume per 95-W 85'W 80 W volume of water filtered (mL/m^) to compare mean values between years and with literature Figure 2 values. The mean ofeach standardized volume for Monthly fields ofsurface wind velocity (for August) and sur- the 1990 oblique tows (0-50 m) and for discrete face current velocity (for September) representative of the m depths between and 40 ofthe 1991 and 1992 seasonal extremes during the reduced upwelling period in data were compared between collection group pe- the Panama Bight (after Figure 3 ofFiedler, 2002). Shading riods by using ANOVA, the SNK test, and a ^test indicates surface wind divergence (intertropical convergence for unequal variance (a=0.05) (Zar, 1984). zone) duringAugust, NEC = North Equatorial Current, SEC = South Equatorial Current, NECC = North Equatorial Counter Current, and CRCC = Costa Rica Coastal Current. The area Sea-surface temperatures and wind stress climatology between the vertical and horizontal lines and the land mass represents the estimated maximum average area (in degrees) The oceanographic surveys provided physical data (seeTable 2)potentiallyoccupiedbyeach larval yellowfin tuna within a limited portion of the area where Thunnus cohort during its life history. The spawning distribution of larvae potentially occurred since hatching. Therefore, yellowfintunawithin the areais presented asthe proportions area- and time-specific (monthly averages within 1- by (P) of reproductively active females in relation to the total 1.5-degree areas) SSTs to 5 m depth and wind stress cli- numbers of mature females captured within 1-degree areas matology data (all data sets based on a hindcast ocean during the second and third quarters between 1987 and 1989 analysis system model described by Ji et al. [1995]) (from Schaefer. 1998). for the estimated area of each collection group period (Table 2, Fig. 2) were accessed from the internet (IRI''). ^ International Research Institute for Climate Prediction Wind velocities in m/s were calculated from wind stress (IRI). 2006. Website: http://ingrid.ldeo.columbia.edu/ values based on a constant drag coefficient of 1.3x10"'^ SOURCES/.NOAA/.NCEP/.EMC/.CMB/.Pacific/.monthly/ (Sverdrup et al., 1942; Large and Pond, 1981; Ji et al.. (accessed on 14 October 2005). Fishery Bulletin 105(1) 8