Fish Vaccination

405 Pages·2014·163.12 MB·English

by  Gudding

Fish Vaccination

Fish Vaccination
Edited by
Roar Gudding, Atle Lillehaug and Øystein Evensen
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Fishvaccination/editedbyRoarGudding,AtleLillehaug,andØysteinEvensen.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-67455-0(cloth)
1.Fishes–Vaccination.2.Fishes–Diseases–Prevention.I.Gudding,Roar.II.Lillehaug,Atle,1954-
III.Evensen,Øystein,1959-
SH171.F5962014
571.9′51–dc23
2013034537
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
Insetphoto:Vaccinationoffish.AsgeirØstvik.Reproducedwithpermission.
Coverimage:Mainphoto:Fishingfarm.TinyfishingfarminIthaka,Greece.CourtesyofMargotGranitsas/Science
PhotoLibrary.
CoverdesignbyDesignDeluxe
Setin10/12ptTimesbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
1 2014
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xix
1 TheHistoryofFishVaccination 1
RoarGuddingandThomasGoodrich
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aquaculture 2
1.3 Immunology 2
1.4 DiseasePrevention 3
1.5 ScientificProduction–ReviewsandConferences 4
1.6 SuccessesandFailures 7
1.7 ThePioneers 7
1.8 ConcludingRemarks 8
References 9
2 VaccinationasaPreventiveMeasure 12
RoarGudding
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 BiosecurityandVaccination 13
2.3 UseofVaccinationinAquaculture 15
2.4 VaccinationAgainstDifferentDiseases 16
2.5 HerdImmunity 17
2.6 EconomicConsiderations 18
2.7 RiskAssessment 18
2.8 TheMarketforFishVaccines 19
References 20
3 Non-replicatingVaccines 22
HetronMweembaMunang’andu,StephenMutolokiandØysteinEvensen
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Classification 22
3.3 InactivatedVaccines–MethodsofInactivation 24
3.4 EvaluationofInactivationEfficacy 28
3.5 MeasuresofEfficacyforInactivatedVaccines 28
3.6 MechanismsofVaccineProtection 29
vi Contents
3.7 AntibodiesasCorrelatesofProtectiveImmunity 29
3.8 AntigenDoseasCorrelateofProtectiveImmunity 30
References 30
4 ReplicatingVaccines 33
CraigA.ShoemakerandPhillipH.Klesius
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 AttenuationStrategies–BacterialVaccines 34
4.3 AttenuationStrategies–ViralVaccines 38
4.4 InductionofImmunity 39
4.5 VaccineDelivery 41
4.6 VaccineSafetyConsiderations 41
4.7 Acknowledgement 41
References 42
5 DNAVaccines 47
EirikBieringandKiraSalonius
5.1 Introduction 47
5.2 ComparisonofDNAVaccineswithConventionalInactivatedProducts:
AdvantagesandDisadvantages 48
5.3 DNAVaccinesforVeterinaryUse 51
5.4 BiosecurityandRegulatoryConsiderations 52
References 54
6 MucosalVaccinationofFish 56
JanH.W.M.RomboutandViswanathKiron
6.1 Introduction 56
6.2 Historyof“Mucosal”Vaccination 57
6.3 MucosalversusSystemicImmunityinFish 58
6.4 ImmersionVaccination 59
6.5 OralVaccination 60
6.6 Perspectives 64
References 64
7 AdjuvantsinFishVaccines 68
CarolinaTafalla,JarlBøgwald,RoyA.Dalmo,HetronMweembaMunang’andu
andØysteinEvensen
7.1 Introduction 68
7.2 VaccineFormulations 69
7.3 PrinciplesofAdjuvantActions 70
7.4 AntigenicComponent 70
7.5 Adjuvants 71
7.6 AntigenDeliverySystems 71
7.7 DeliveryVehicles 71
Contents vii
7.8 EmulsionVaccines 72
7.9 BiodegradableParticulateDeliverySystems 74
7.10 FusionProteinDeliverySystem 74
7.11 Immunomodulators 75
7.12 Stabilizers 81
7.13 ConcludingRemarksandPerspectives 81
7.14 Acknowledgements 81
References 81
8 TheInnateImmuneResponseinFish 85
JorunnB.Jørgensen
8.1 Introduction 85
8.2 InnateImmunity:ASensingandanEffectorArm 86
8.3 ProfessionalPhagocytes:TheMacrophagesandtheNeutrophilic
Granulocytes 86
8.4 NaturalKiller(NK)-LikeCells 88
8.5 TheSensingArmofInnateImmunity 88
8.6 TLRsaretheBestStudiedPRRSinFish 89
8.7 NOD-LikeandRIG-IReceptorsareFoundinFish 90
8.8 LectinsareMultifunctionalSensorMoleculesforCarbohydrateLigands 91
8.9 PRRsandtheInductionofImmunity 92
8.10 CytokinesinInnateImmunity 92
8.11 Interferons 94
8.12 TheComplementSystem 95
8.13 ConcludingRemarksandPerspectives 97
References 97
9 TheAdaptiveImmuneResponseinFish 104
StephenMutoloki,JorunnB.JørgensenandØysteinEvensen
9.1 Introduction 105
9.2 LymphocytesaretheKeyCellsoftheAdaptiveImmuneSystem 106
9.3 AntigenTrappingandActivationoftheLymphocytes 106
9.4 AntigenPresentingCells(APCS)ofMyeloidOrigin 107
9.5 ImmunoglobulinsandBLymphocytes 108
9.6 TLymphocytes 110
9.7 CytotoxicT-Cells 111
9.8 HelperT-Cells 111
References 113
10 Development,ProductionandControlofFishVaccines 116
DagKnappskog,JosephKoumans,IngerKvitvang,ArneMariusFiskum
andRuneWiulsrød
10.1 Introduction 116
10.2 ManufacturingLicense 117
viii Contents
10.3 VaccineDevelopment 121
10.4 DevelopmentofTests 122
10.5 Transfers 123
10.6 Manufacturing 124
References 127
11 LegalRequirementsandAuthorizationofFishVaccines 128
AnjaHolm,ByronE.RippkeandKenNoda
11.1 Introduction 128
11.2 ManufacturerAuthorization 128
11.3 FoodSafety–MaximumResidueLimits 131
11.4 GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms 131
11.5 DNAVaccines 132
11.6 ProhibitionofUseofCertainVaccines 132
11.7 UseofVaccinesthatarenotAuthorized 132
11.8 AutogenousVaccines 133
11.9 RegionalRulesandCompetentAuthorities 133
11.10 TheEuropeanUnionandConnectedEEACountries 133
11.11 UnitedStatesofAmerica 135
11.12 Japan 137
11.13 OtherRelevantOrganizations:OIE,FAO,WHO 138
References 138
12 VaccinationStrategiesandProcedures 140
AtleLillehaug
12.1 Introduction 141
12.2 TimingofVaccination 141
12.3 WaterTemperature 142
12.4 SizeofFish 142
12.5 VaccinationMethods 143
12.6 TimeforProtectiontoDevelop–DurationofProtection 148
12.7 BoosterVaccination 149
12.8 VaccinationEconomy 150
References 150
13 Side-EffectsofVaccination 153
TrygveT.PoppeandErlingO.Koppang
13.1 Introduction 153
13.2 AcuteSide-Effects 154
13.3 ChronicSide-Effects 155
13.4 InjectionSiteReactions 155
13.5 ExtensiveAbdominalLesions 156
13.6 LesionsinOtherOrgans 158
13.7 SkeletalLesions 159