Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds

541 Pages·2010·4.87 MB·English

by  Giovanni M. Turchini

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fish oil replacement and alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds / editors, Giovanni
M. Turchini, Wing-Keong Ng, and Douglas Redford Tocher.
p. cm.
“A CRC title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4398-0862-7 (alk. paper)
1. Fishes--Feeding and feeds. 2. Fishes--Nutrition. 3. Lipids in nutrition. I. Turchini,
Giovanni M. II. Ng, Wing-Keong. III. Tocher, Douglas Redford.
SH156.F575 2010
639.8--dc22 2010006332
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Cover Photo Credits
Cover design by Wing-Keong Ng (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Front cover
top strip: Industrially manufactured aquaculture feeds. (Wing-Keong Ng, Universiti
Sains Malaysia.)
center, leFt to right:
photo 1: Pelagic marine fish such as sardines are utilized for fish oil production for use in
aquaculture feeds. (Rossita Shapawi, Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah.)
photo 2: Oil palm fruits, from which palm and palm kernel oils are derived. (Kalyana
Sundram, Malaysian Palm Oil Council [MPOC].)
photo 3: Soybean seeds used in the production of soybean oil. (Yan Wang and Wing-
Keong Ng, Universiti Sains Malaysia.)
photo 4: Krill are the source of krill oil rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and caro-
tenoids. (Thomas de Lange Wenneck, Institute of Marine Research, Norway.)
photo 5: Single cell oil produced from an Australian Thraustochytrid strain are rich in
the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. (Dion Frampton, CSIRO Food Futures
Flagship, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research.)
photo 6: Sunflowers grown in the Loire valley in France are the source of seeds used in
the production of sunflower oil. (Brett Glencross, CSIRO Food Futures Flagship.)
Back cover, leFt to right:
photo 1: Salmonid fish such as the rainbow trout are a major consumer of oils and fats in
their feeds. (Brett Glencross, CSIRO.)
photo 2: The Asian seabass, also called barramundi, is an important marine fish species
farmed in the Asia Pacific region. (Brett Glencross, CSIRO.)
photo 3: The Pacific white shrimp is a major farmed marine shrimp species in both east-
ern and western countries. (Abdullah bin Abd Rahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia.)
photo 4: Atlantic salmon fillets displayed at the Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne.
(Wing-Keong Ng, Universiti Sains Malaysia.)
iii

Contents
Cover Photo Credits .................................................................................................iii
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
About the Editors ......................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
List of Abbreviations................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Fish Oils in Aquaculture: In Retrospect ...............................................1
Sena S. De Silva, David S. Francis, and Albert G. J. Tacon
Chapter 2 Lipids in Aquafeeds ...........................................................................21
J. Gordon Bell and Wolfgang Koppe
Chapter 3 The World’s Oils and Fats ..................................................................61
Frank D. Gunstone
Chapter 4 Palm Oil and Saturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils ...................99
Wing-Keong Ng and Veronique Gibon
Chapter 5 Soybean Oil and Other n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich
Vegetable Oils ..................................................................................133
Paul B. Brown and Steven D. Hart
Chapter 6 Rapeseed (Canola) Oil and Other Monounsaturated Fatty
Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils .................................................................161
Giovanni M. Turchini and Rodney J. Mailer
Chapter 7 n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils and Blends ....209
Douglas R. Tocher, David S. Francis, and Keith Coupland
Chapter 8 Terrestrial Animal Fats ....................................................................245
Dominique P. Bureau and David L. Meeker
v
vi Contents
Chapter 9 Alternative Marine Resources ..........................................................267
Rolf-Erik Olsen, Rune Waagbø, Webjørn Melle, Einar Ringø,
and Santosh P. Lall
Chapter 10 New Alternative n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-
Rich Oil Sources ..............................................................................325
Matthew R. Miller, Peter D. Nichols, and Chris G. Carter
,
Chapter 11 Minor Components in Fish Oil and Alternative Oils with
Potential Physiological Effect ..........................................................351
Jana Pickova, Sabine Sampels, and Marc H. G. Berntssen
Chapter 12 Fish Oil Replacement in Starter, Grow-Out, and Finishing
Feeds for Farmed Aquatic Animals .................................................373
Brett D. Glencross and Giovanni M. Turchini
Chapter 13 The Effects of Fish Oil Replacement on Lipid Metabolism of
Fish ...................................................................................................405
Bente E. Torstensen and Douglas R. Tocher
Chapter 14 Welfare and Health of Fish Fed Vegetable Oils as Alternative
Lipid Sources to Fish Oil .................................................................439
Daniel Montero and Marisol Izquierdo
Chapter 15 The Effects of Fish Oil Replacement on Nutritional and
Organoleptic Qualities of Farmed Fish ............................................487
Grethe Rosenlund, Geneviève Corraze, Marisol Izquierdo, and
Bente E. Torstensen
Index ......................................................................................................................523
Preface
Global aquaculture produces about 65 million metric tons of seafood valued at more
than US$78 billion annually. The aquaculture industry is widely regarded as the fast-
est growing food production sector globally, with farmed seafood currently account-
ing for about 50% of all fish consumed in the world. More than 200 species of finfish
and shellfish are farmed worldwide, and the diversity of farmed species continues to
increase in many parts of the world. As most capture fishery industries have already
exceeded sustainable levels, it is anticipated that aquaculture will play an increas-
ingly major role in meeting the seafood demand of a growing human population.
The increasing intensification of aquaculture systems worldwide has been fueled
by the use of industrially manufactured aquafeeds. The aquafeed-manufacturing
industry is experiencing exponential growth in many countries (especially in Asia),
with estimates of annual growth of up to 30%. In modern intensive aquaculture, feed
costs can account for from 50% to 80% of the total production costs and greatly
impact farm profitability. Marine fish meal and fish oil are the major feed ingre-
dients used as dietary protein and lipid sources, respectively, in the formulation of
commercial aquafeeds. It is estimated that aquafeeds currently consume about 90%
of the global supply of fish oil. Many have predicted that the demand for fish oil
from the aquaculture industry will imminently outstrip supply. In order to further
expand, it is clearly evident that the global aquaculture industry cannot continue to
rely on marine fish oil, whose annual production has not increased beyond 1.5 mil-
lion metric tons for the past quarter of a century. The high demand, impending short
supply, and escalating prices make dietary fish oil a bottleneck in the farming of
aquatic animals. There is currently great urgency within the global aquafeed indus-
try in finding suitable alternatives to marine fish oils.
The subject of this book, Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources
in Aquaculture Feeds, is therefore timely and pertinent. In the first three chapters,
a global perspective on the production, rationale, and use of fish oils, vegetable oils,
and animal fats in relation to the aquaculture and aquafeeds industry is presented.
A total of seven chapters are then dedicated to a detailed discussion on specific
alternative lipid sources, grouped accordingly to main chemical characteristics.
Each of these chapters presents readers with an overview of the specific oil or fat
industry, the latest research information on the use of these lipid sources as fish oil
substitutes, as well as their unique potential advantages and challenges for use in
aquafeeds. Another five chapters detail the important physiological effects of vari-
ous lipid sources and their components on growth, lipid metabolism, health, and
postharvest qualities of the farmed fish. In the current era of increased consumer
demands for food safety, traceability, and quality, these five chapters also explore
the challenges for the aquaculture industry to maintain the recognized benefits of
seafood consumption for human health, especially when alternative lipids are used
in aquafeed formulations. Each chapter is written by world-renowned scientists and
leading industry experts. We believe that within the 15 chapters of this book, readers
vii
viii Preface
will find the most complete, up-to-date, and scientifically sound information on the
use of fish oil and alternative lipid sources in aquafeeds.
We, the editors of this book, would like to take this opportunity to thank all
the esteemed invited authors and external reviewers who contributed to this pub-
lication. To all who made this book a reality, we express our sincere gratitude and
appreciation. It is our hope that this book will serve as a valuable reference to
researchers, nutritionists, oil chemists, graduate students, seafood processors and
suppliers, policy makers, and personnel related to the agriculture, edible oil refin-
ery, animal- rendering, fisheries, aquaculture, and aquafeed industries. We hope that
this book will help contribute to the sustainable development of the global aquacul-
ture industry.
Giovanni M. Turchini
Wing-Keong Ng
Douglas R. Tocher
About the Editors
Giovanni M. Turchini has a master’s degree in
animal science and a doctorate in food quality and
fish nutrition from the University of Milan, Italy.
After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University
of Milan, he moved to the School of Ecology and
Environment at Deakin University, Australia.
While in Australia, Dr. Turchini has been awarded
the prestigious Australian Postdoctoral Discovery
Fellowship and the Australian Research Fellowship,
both from the Australian Research Council (ARC),
for his research on fatty acid nutrition and metabo-
lism in farmed fish. Currently he is an ARC Fellow
affiliated with the School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University.
His research interests span from fish oil replacement and fatty acid metabolism in
cultured aquatic species to fatty acid–hormone interactions, seafood quality and
traceability, and ethical issues encountered in the fisheries and aquaculture sec-
tors. Dr. Turchini has published extensively in the area of aquaculture nutrition and
fish quality.
Wing-Keong Ng received his bachelor of science
degree in aquatic biology from Universiti Sains
Malaysia. He then obtained his master’s degree in
aquaculture from the Asian Institute of Technology
(Thailand), and doctorate in nutrition at the Uni-
ver sity of California, Davis (USA). After a post-
doctoral fellowship at Mississippi State University
(USA), he returned to Malaysia. He has been a visit-
ing scientist to the University of Stirling (Scotland,
UK) and the University of Tasmania and CSIRO
(Australia) under the Commonwealth and Endeavor
Fellowships, respectively. Dr. Ng is currently a pro-
fessor affiliated with Universiti Sains Malaysia,
where he started the Fish Nutrition Laboratory and
leads a research program aimed at developing a better understanding of nutrient
utilization by fish and shrimp. He has focused interests in the evaluation of novel
protein and lipid sources in aquafeeds to improve the economic and environmental
sustainability of aquaculture operations. Professor Ng has published extensively in
the area of aquaculture nutrition and is on the editorial board of several international
and regional journals. He is a consultant to various international aquaculture organi-
zations and aquafeed-related companies.
ix