Fish in Research. A Symposium on The Use of Fish as an Experimental Animal in Basic Research PDF
Preview Fish in Research. A Symposium on The Use of Fish as an Experimental Animal in Basic Research
A SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE OF FISH AS AN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL IN BASIC RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA VERMILLION, SOUTH DAKOTA NOVEMBER 15-16, 1968 FISH IN RESEARCH EDITED BY OTTO W. IMEUHAUS DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA VERMILLION, SOUTH DAKOTA JOHN E. HALVER WESTERN FISH NUTRITION LABORATORY U.S. BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE COOK. WASHINGTON ® ACADEMIC PRESS NEW YORK | LONDON | 1 9 68 COPYRIGHT © 1969, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W1X 6BA LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 74-107020 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA INVITED SPEAKERS Ashley, Laurence M., Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cook, Washington. Bilinski, E., Vancouver Laboratory, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Conte, Frank P., Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Gall, Graham A. E., Agriculture Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California. Goldberg, Erwin, Department of Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. Halver, John E., Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Cook, Washington. Hastings, W. H, Fish Farming Experimental Station, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Stuttgart, Arkansas. Idler, D. R., Halifax Laboratory, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Mertz, Edwin T., Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Ridgway, George /., Biological Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Scarpelli, D. G., Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. Sinnhuber, R. 0., Department of Food Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Siperstein, M. D., Department of Internal Medicine, Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, Dallas, Texas. v INVITED SPEAKERS Tarr, H. L. A., Vancouver Laboratory, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Wellings, S. R. Department of Pathology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon. Zaugg, W. S., Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cook, Washington. vi PREFACE This volume is comprised of papers presented at a symposium entitled "Fish in Research" sponsored by the University of South Dakota in Vermil- lion. The purpose of the symposium was to ask those directly involved in re search on fish, "What unique information of biochemical and physiological processes can be gained by using fish as experimental animals?" Discussions at the meeting indicated this approach to be of great interest, but never adequately considered. We sincerely hope that the unique question explored will stimulate future meetings and other volumes of proceedings dealing with the use of fish in research. We wish to express thanks to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the U. S. Department of the Interior for its interest and participation. Special thanks are due Mr. John S. Gottschalk, Director, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, for addressing the guests of the symposium at a special banquet. His subject was "Basic Research Programs in the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Using Fish as Experimental Animals." Also we thank Clarence Johnson, Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, Cook, Washington, Bruno von Limbach, Fish Genetics Laboratory, Beulah, Wyoming, and Dr. Norman Benson, North Central Reservoir Investigations, Yankton, South Dakota, for their participation in the displays of fish. Our sincere appreciation is extended to the president of the University of South Dakota, first Dr. Edward Q. Moulton and now Dr. Richard Bowen, and the Dean of the School of Medicine, Dr. George W. Knabe, Jr., for the support and sponsorship of this venture. Special thanks are due to Mrs. Dorothy E. Neuhaus for her extensive help in organization, public relations, and undaunted efforts to ascertain that all went well. We wish to thank Mrs. Myla Kampshoff for preparing the manuscripts and the South Dakota Geological Survey for the use of the IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer system. Finally, we are grateful to the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry and our many friends for their unstinting help. Otto W. Neuhaus John E. Halver September, 1969 vn WELCOMING ADDRESS Otto W. Neuhaus Sometimes scientists in the Middle West express the feeling that nonmetropolitan areas are, scientifically speaking, hinterlands. I heard this expressed at a major institution not long ago. In my opinion, it would be better to speak of scientifically underdeveloped regions because then we are challenged to do something about it. The present symposium is an effort on our part to meet this challenge and to enhance the scientific climate in our institution and the State of South Dakota. For once we are priviledged to perform the duty of being host. We may not be expert at the job, but we sincerely hope that you will find this weekend to be pleasant, informative, and especially scientifically provocative. Another purpose of this symposium is to challenge us, the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry, to consider seriously the potentials of using fish as experimental animals in anticipation of the possibility that research in this area may lead to opportunities for expansion of the biological sciences at this university. I am deeply indebted to Dr. John E. Halver, director of the Western Fish Nutrition Laboratory, and his staff, especially Clarence Johnson, for their help in arranging part of this program and especially for bringing to Vermillion fascinating displays of live fish as well as their movies. We hope that you will take the time to visit these displays. This symposium is purposely intended to be unique not only for us in the field of biochemistry, but also for you who are active in the field of fish research. We know that you have many meetings and symposia in which to report your studies on fish; therefore, this in itself is not unique. The challenge of the present symposium is not so much to review what is known concerning fish, but to determine how studies on fish can yield unique insights into biochemical and physiological phenomena. In choosing this program we as a department are very much fish out of water. Only one of our staff is actually using fish in his research activities. In this instance, studies of collagen structure, formerly restricted to rat tail tendon, are now being expanded to include fish skin. Otherwise, our research activities center around the use of rats, frogs, Ascaris lumbricoides, and algae. As biochemists, we are not really interested in the welfare of rats and frogs or in learning more about algae and invertebrates. Indeed, each simply serves as a model system for the study of specific biochemical mechanisms. In other words, the primary motivation in biochemical research is to gain an xi WELCOMING ADDRESS understanding of chemical mechanisms of life processes. The exact model system or experimental organism used is often secondary. I have asked myself many times why fish have not been used more extensively for studies of biochemical mechanisms and, in fact, are we really missing a good opportunity? The capacity of fish to adapt to their environment suggests numerous opportunities to study metabolic control mechanisms. For example, what is the sequence of events that allows the normally ammonotelic lung fish to become ureotelic when cut off from water? When the normal environment is restored, how do they become ammonotelic again? What mechanisms control salt balance as a fresh water adapted salmon enters its marine environment? How can trout perform their metabolic activities in a 10°C environment whereas in warm blooded animals metabolism functions best at 37°? Perhaps by using fish we could learn more about metabolic control mechanisms and the mechanism of action of hormones. Could we learn more about the mechanisms of enzyme action and the protein structure required for specific catalytic activities by using fish enzymes? Perhaps there are subtle differences in primary structure or conformation of enzyme molecules from fish adapted to low temperatures compared with the same enzymes of warm blooded animals. The central theme of this symposium is best expressed in the deliberate choice of our title. Not "Research on Fish," but "Fish in Research." Let the central challenging question be, "What special insights can be gained in biochemical and physiological mechanisms using fish as an experimental animal?" xn ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA IN FISHES S. R. Wellings I. Introduction 3 II. Hepatoma 4 III. Thyroid Hyperplasia and Neoplasia 5 IV. Epidermal Papillomas 6 V. Mesenchymal Tumors of Goldfish 8 VI. Spindle Cell Sarcomas of Pike-Perch 8 VII. Multiple Osteomas of the Red Tai 8 Vili. Lympho sarco mas of Esox 9 DC. Experimentally Induced Chordomas in Embryo Teleosts 9 X. Undifferentiated Sarcomas in Lebistes and Pristella 9 XI. Melanomas of Swordtail—Platyfìsh Hybrids 10 XII. Multiple Nerve Sheath Tumors 10 XIII. Teratomas Associated with Ichthyophonus Infestation 10 XIV. Discussion 11 XV. Conclusion 13 XVI. Acknowledgments 13 XVII. References 13 XVIII. Comments 16 INTRODUCTION In the physical, chemical, and biological evolution of the earth, numerous naturally occurring tumorigenic agents were initially present, or subsequently appeared in soil and water. These natural agents include various heavy metals, inorganic compounds, and hydrocarbons, in addition to radioactivity, ultraviolet light, and tumorigenic parasites. The exponential 3 S. R. WELLINGS acceleration of human cultural evolution, beginning perhaps with the controlled use of fire, has introduced further carcinogenic agents: new and unique chemicals, increased concentrations of radioactive substances, various hydrocarbon and other atmospheric contaminants, and insecticides and herbicides with carcinogenic properties. In addition, man has modified the spatial distribution of various carcinogens by a variety of concentration and transportation procedures. The future promises further contamination of the environment by a multiplicity of agents, especially chemical ones, of unknown potential. The general problem of environmental neoplasia has been recently reviewed (1). The study of environmental neoplasia in animals and plants becomes of considerable importance as a means of recognizing the environmental presence of unsuspected new carcinogens, or increased concentrations of known carcinogens, before these agents damage the various populations of living organisms, including man and his food sources. In the interest of this conference, this review will point out some environmental aspects of neoplasia in fishes. Some examples are clearly related to human modifications of the environment, whereas other examples are not. In this context it should be pointed out that naturally occurring phenomena of any kind are best studied in detail before human-generated modifications ensue. In the examples which follow, this ideal was generally not attainable; the phenomena discussed are nonetheless of considerable biological and practical interest. HEPATOMA The most remarkable example of neoplasia in fish resulting from human activity is the appearance in 1960 of hepatomas in epidemic proportions in hatchery-reared rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, at various localities in the United States and Europe (2). Hepatomas were also observed in cutthroat trout (S. clarki) and brown trout (S. trutta). The appearance of the disease in epidemic proportions followed the introduction of dry, pelleted commercial feeds as a primary dietary source in private, state, and federal hatcheries. This and other circumstantial evidence led to fractionation of known hepatomagenic diets, culminating in the isolation of a group of four potent chemically related, lipid soluble carcinogenic agents, named aflatoxins Bi, B2, Gi, and G2. These compounds are synthesized by certain mutants of A spergillus flavus, growing in vegetable dietary constituents, such as cottonseed or peanut meal products, stored under damp conditions. Experimental studies revealed that rainbow trout fed crude aflatoxin at 0.8 parts per million of diet developed classical multinodular hepatomas. The feeding of 1 part per billion of purified aflatoxin Bi produced hepatomas in a high percentage of fish. Careful attention to storage of dietary constituents resulted in disappearance of the problem in affected hatcheries. The lesson to be learned from this is obvious: modification of the content or methods of preparation of human and animal foodstuffs without testing of the final chemical constituents may result in the introduction into the diet of unsuspected hazardous carcinogenic substances. In man in particular, the 4
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