First Trimester Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities PDF
Preview First Trimester Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities
First Trimester Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities First Trimester Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities Alfred Abuhamad, MD Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology Professor of Radiology Chairman, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Vice Dean for Clinical Affairs Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Virginia Rabih Chaoui, MD Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics Center Berlin, Germany Acquisitions Editor: Chris Teja Product Development Editor: Ashley Fischer Editorial Assistant: Brian Convery Marketing Manager: Rachel Mante Leung Senior Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson Design Coordinator: Joan Wendt Artist/Illustrator: Patricia Gast Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services First edition Copyright © 2018 Wolters Kluwer. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above- mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China (or the United States of America) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Abuhamad, Alfred, author. | Chaoui, Rabih, author. Title: First trimester ultrasound diagnosis of fetal abnormalities / Alfred Abuhamad, Rabih Chaoui. Description: 1st edition. | Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Heath, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017023493 | eISBN 9781496396372 Subjects: | MESH: Fetus—abnormalities | Fetal Diseases—diagnostic imaging | Ultrasonography, Prenatal | Pregnancy Trimester, First Classification: LCC RG626 | NLM WQ 209 | DDC 618.3/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017023493 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work. This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work. LWW.com Dedication May the knowledge gained from this book expand the use of high-quality ultrasound examinations in the first trimester of pregnancy in order to improve prenatal diagnosis, provide for compassionate counseling, and optimize pregnancy outcomes. We dedicate this book to our parents for their unwavering support and commitment to excellence throughout the years, and to Sharon, Sami, and Nicole Kathleen, Amin, and Ella, With love. It is with great pleasure that we introduce this first edition of First Trimester Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Abnormalities, a product of substantial work on the rapidly evolving field of ultrasound in early gestation. This book represents the most up-to-date and comprehensive reference on this subject and is illustrated with the best ultrasound images that the current technology allows. In keeping with our prior projects, we opted to write this book in its entirety without outside collaboration in order to provide an easy-to-read style and to present a systematic and methodical approach to this subject. Our main goal as we embarked on this project was to produce a comprehensive reference on ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy, based upon our collective clinical expertise in this field. For this purpose we divided the book into two main sections: the first section addressed the general aspects of the first trimester ultrasound and the second section, divided by organ systems, presented first trimester ultrasound findings in normal and abnormal conditions. In the general aspect section, we included chapters on existing guidelines to fetal imaging in the first trimester, the physical principles, bioeffects and technical aspects of the first trimester ultrasound, first trimester fetal biometry and pregnancy dating, first trimester screening for chromosomal aneuploidies, and the role of the first trimester ultrasound in multiple pregnancies. Of particular importance is the chapter on the detailed first trimester ultrasound (Chapter 5) in the general aspect section, which presents the authors’ perspectives on a new detailed, comprehensive, and systematic approach to ultrasound imaging in early gestation, modeled following the detailed second trimester ultrasound examination. In the second part of the book, we included chapters dedicated to various organ systems such as the fetal central nervous system, face and neck, chest, heart, gastrointestinal, urogenital, and skeletal. The last chapter of the book focuses on the placenta and umbilical cord. Over the past fifteen years, the advent of high-resolution transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasound and the widespread adoption of first trimester risk assessment with nuchal translucency evolved the field of ultrasound imaging in early gestation. Accumulating knowledge now suggests that the role of the first trimester ultrasound is expanding as it currently plays a critical role in pregnancy risk assessment and in the early detection of major fetal malformations. Much credit to the evolving role of the first trimester ultrasound over the past decades is owed to Professor Kypros Nicolaides who revolutionized and introduced the role of the first trimester ultrasound with expansion of aneuploidy screening, standardization of the approach to the ultrasound examination, and providing substantial evidence on the role of the first trimester ultrasound in detection of major fetal malformations and in pregnancy risk assessment. The progress in this field over the past years has primarily resulted from the foundation laid by Professor Nicolaides. This book would not have been a reality without the support of several people. First and foremost, our families who unselfishly allowed us to spend long evenings and weekends away from them in completing this task, the artistic talents of Ms. Patricia Gast who performed all the superb drawings in this book in an efficient and accurate manner, and the professional editorial and production teams at Wolters Kluwer. We also would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Elena Sinkovskaya for her contribution to Chapter 15 on the placenta and umbilical cord. We hope that this book provides the knowledge and necessary tools to expand the high-quality use of first trimester ultrasound in pregnancy. Alfred Abuhamad, MD Rabih Chaoui, MD SECTION one First Trimester Ultrasound: General Aspects CHAPTER 1 • Guidelines to Fetal Imaging in the First Trimester CHAPTER 2 • Physical Principles and Bioeffects of First Trimester Ultrasound CHAPTER 3 • Technical Aspects of the First Trimester Ultrasound Examination CHAPTER 4 • Fetal Biometry and Pregnancy Dating in the First Trimester CHAPTER 5 • The Detailed First Trimester Ultrasound Examination CHAPTER 6 • First Trimester Screening for Chromosomal Aneuploidies CHAPTER 7 • Multiple Pregnancies in the First Trimester SECTION two First Trimester Ultrasound: Fetal Abnormalities CHAPTER 8 • The Fetal Central Nervous System CHAPTER 9 • The Fetal Face and Neck CHAPTER 10 • The Fetal Chest CHAPTER 11 • The Fetal Heart and Great Vessels CHAPTER 12 • The Fetal Gastrointestinal System CHAPTER 13 • The Fetal Urogenital System CHAPTER 14 • The Fetal Skeletal System CHAPTER 15 • Placenta and Umbilical Cord Index S E C T I O N o n e First Trimester Ultrasound: General Aspects CHAPTER 1 • Guidelines to Fetal Imaging in the First Trimester CHAPTER 2 • Physical Principles and Bioeffects of First Trimester Ultrasound CHAPTER 3 • Technical Aspects of the First Trimester Ultrasound Examination CHAPTER 4 • Fetal Biometry and Pregnancy Dating in the First Trimester CHAPTER 5 • The Detailed First Trimester Ultrasound Examination CHAPTER 6 • First Trimester Screening for Chromosomal Aneuploidies CHAPTER 7 • Multiple Pregnancies in the First Trimester
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