First science encyclopedia

138 Pages·2017·36.033 MB·English

by  Chaudhuri, Shatarupa

First Science
Encyclopedia
Contents
REVISED EDITION
Project editor Suneha Dutta
Art editor Nehal Verma
Senior editor Shatarupa Chaudhuri
DTP designer Bimlesh Tiwary
Managing editors Laura Gilbert,
Alka Thakur Hazarika
Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones,
Romi Chakraborty
CTS manager Balwant Singh
Producer, pre-production Francesca Wardell
Producer Nicole Landau
Jacket editor Ishani Nandi
Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora
Publisher Sarah Larter
Publishing director Sophie Mitchell
Publishing art director Stuart Jackman
Consultant Jack Challoner
ORIGINAL EDITION
Design team Gemma Fletcher, Hedi Gutt,
Laura Roberts-Jensen, Mary Sandberg,
Poppy Joslin
Editorial team Lorrie Mack, Alexander Cox,
Wendy Horobin, Joe Harris
Senior editors Carrie Love, Caroline Stamps, What is science?
Ben Morgan
Senior art editor Rachael Smith 4–5 What is science?
Publishing manager Bridget Giles
6–9 Advances in science
Art director Rachael Foster
Category publisher Mary Ling 10–11 Being a scientist
Production editor Clare Mclean
12–13 Science and everyday life
Production controller Pip Tinsley
Consultants Donald R Franceschetti,
John Farndon
Life science
First published in Great Britain in 2009
14–15 The living world
This edition first published in Great Britain in 2017
by Dorling Kindersley Limited 16–17 Micro life
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
18–19 Fungi
Copyright © 2009, © 2017 20–21 What is a plant?
Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Random House Company 22–23 How plants work

2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 24–25 Plant reproduction
001–280449–Jun/2017
26–27 What is an animal?

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be 28–29 Types of animal
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, 30–31 Animal reproduction
photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior
32–33 Inheritance
written permission of the copyright owner.
34–35 Bones and muscles
A CIP catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library. 36–37 Blood and breathing
38–39 The digestion ride
ISBN 978-0-2411-8875-0
40–41 Health
Printed and bound in Hong Kong

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
2
There is a question at the bottom of each page...
42–43 Food chains 108–109 Soil
44–45 Ecosystems 110–111 Resources in the ground
46–47 Staying alive 112–113 Fresh and salt water
48–49 The Earth’s cycles 114–115 The water cycle
50–51 Carbon cycle 116–117 The atmosphere
118–119 Weather
Materials science 120–121 The energy crisis
52–53 What’s the matter?
54–55 Properties of matter
Reference section
56–57 Changing states
122–123 True or false?
58–59 Amazing atoms
124–125 Quiz
60–61 Molecules
126–127 Who or what am I?
62–63 Elements
128–129 Where in the world?
64–65 Properties of elements
130–131 Glossary
66–67 Mixtures
132–135 Index
68–69 Reactions and changes
136 Picture credits
70–71 Irreversible changes
Physical science About this book
72–73 What is energy? The pages of this book have special features that
74–75 Energy changes will show you how to get your hands on as much
76–77 Electricity information as possible! Look out for these:
78–79 Magnetism
TThhee PPiiccttuurree DDeetteeccttiivvee
80–81 Energy waves
wwiillll ggeett yyoouu sseeaarrcchhiinngg
82–83 Light tthhrroouugghh eeaacchh sseeccttiioonn
ffoorr tthhee aannsswweerrss..
84–85 Sound
86–87 Heat Turn and Learn tells
you where to look
88–89 Forces
for more information
90–91 Forces and motion on a subject.
92–93 Machines
Every page is colour-
coded to show you
Earth and space science which section it is in.
94–95 The Universe
96–97 Starry skies
98–99 Our solar system
100–101 The Moon w e ir d or what
102–103 The Earth’s structure ?
These buttons
104–105 Rocks and minerals
give extra weird
106–107 Shaping the land
and wonderful
facts.
3
.rewsna rof ereh kcehc ...
What is science?
What is science?
Science is the search for truth From atoms to space
Scientists study a huge
and knowledge. Scientists suggest
variety of things – from the
explanations of why things are tiniest atoms that make up
everything around us to
as they are, and then they test
the mysteries of space.
those explanations, using
experiments. Some of what
Everything you
see is made up of
science discovers can be minuscule atoms.
applied to our everyday lives.
Physical science
Life science
This science looks at
How do living things survive
energy and forces. There
and grow, where do they live,
are different types of
what do they eat, and how do
energy, including light,
their bodies work? Life science
heat, and sound. Forces
seeks to answer such questions
about the living world, from The scientific are the things that hold
study of plants
everything in place in
microscopic bacteria to plants
is called botany.
our world. Without the
and animals – including you!
force of gravity, for
The study of
example, you would electricity is part
fly off into space! of physical science.
The Earth
Life science studies the living
world around us.
4
What is the study of animals called?
What is science?
This is NASA’s
Atlantis orbiter – part
of its Space Shuttle
programme, which
ended in 2011.
Earth and space science
The Earth is a dot in a vast
Universe filled with planets and
moons, stars and galaxies. As far
as we know, the Earth is special
because it is the only place that
supports life. Earth and space
science is the study of the structure
of our planet – and everything
that exists beyond it.
Volcanology is the scientific
study of volcanoes.
Materials science
Our Universe is filled with atoms
and molecules, which make up All about change
elements, compounds, and mixtures. People always want to
Materials science is the study of make life better, and
these things, how they behave, that’s what puts us on
how we use them, and the road to scientific
how they react discovery. Whether
One branch of science studies with one it’s finding cures or
how materials can change. another. sending rockets into
space, science drives us
onwards, changing the
world we live in.
Pictures of the Earth
from space help scientists
understand the Earth better.
55
.ygolooZ
What is science?
Advances in science
Great scientists are thinkers who understand the
A falling apple
world around us, provide solutions to problems, probably inspired
Newton to think
and create new things. This has led to many about gravity.
great inventions and discoveries.
Johannes Gutenberg (c.1398–1468)
Gutenberg played a key role in printing. Experts
believe he invented metal-type printing in Europe.
In a rainbow, white
Gutenberg’s press was quick, accurate, and light breaks up into
seven colours.
hard-wearing, compared to
earlier woodblock printing.
Isaac Newton
(1642–1727)
Newton investigated forces and
light. He realized there must be a
force that keeps the planets in orbit
around the Sun. This force is known
as gravity. Newton also discovered
that white light is a mixture of lots
Gutenberg’s first printed
of different colours.
book was the Bible in 1455.
1400 1500 1600
Galileo Galilei
(1564–1642)
Galileo proved that the Earth
Wooden replica of
moves around the Sun by
da Vinci’s Ornithopter
looking at the solar system
Leonardo da Vinci
through a telescope.
(1452–1519) A few wise thinkers had Replica of a
17th-century
Da Vinci was a painter and inventor. always suspected the
telescope
He drew plans for helicopters, truth, but most people
aeroplanes, and parachutes. at the time believed
Unfortunately, the technology of the that our Earth
time was not good enough to build a was the centre
working model for any of these. of everything.
6
Who invented the bifocal lens?
Advances in science
d y ou kno
d i w
? Super inventions!
More than
Inventions and discoveries
2,000 years ago, Greek
A kite helped
have changed the course
Benjamin Franklin thinker Aristotle recommended
learn about of our history.
that people study nature,
lightning and
electricity. and carry out experiments
The first known wheel
to test the accuracy
was used in Mesopotamia
Benjamin Franklin of ideas. around 3500 BCE.
(1706–1790) Paper was invented in
China around 105 CE,
American scientist Benjamin
but kept secret for
Franklin experimented with Louis many years.
lightning and electricity.
Pasteur The magnetic compass
His work in the 1700s was first used by the
(1822–1895)
laid the foundations for Chinese. It was invented
Pasteur is known around 247 BCE.
today’s electrical world.
for discovering The parachute was first
pasteurization – tested in 1617 by Faust
Vrancic, centuries after
a process that
da Vinci made his drawings.
uses heat to destroy bacteria
The steam engine was
in food, particularly milk.
invented in 1804. The
He also discovered that
earliest successful model
some diseases were caused reached 48 kph (30 mph).
by germs and encouraged
The colour photo was
hospitals to be very clean first produced by physicist
Franklin risked his life flying a kite – he to stop germs spreading. James Maxwell in 1861.
could have been struck by lightning.
1700 1800
William Wilhelm Conrad
Herschel Röntgen (1845–1923)
(1738–1822) Röntgen discovered
electromagnetic rays –
Herschel is well
today known as X-rays –
known for his work
on 8 November 1895.
in astronomy (he
This important
was the first to
discovery earned
identify the planet
him the first
Uranus). He also
Nobel Prize for
discovered infrared radiation
Physics in 1901.
– this technology is used today for
wireless communications, night vision,
X-rays allow doctors to
weather forecasting, and astronomy.
look inside the human body.
7
.nilknarF nimajneB
What is science?
Orange juice is
Movie projectors a good source
developed quickly after Karl Landsteiner of vitamin C.
Edison’s early work.
(1868–1943)
Austrian-born physiologist
Landsteiner discovered
that human blood can
be divided into four main
groups – A, B, AB, and O.
This laid the foundation of
Early movie
projector modern blood groupings. Albert Szent-Györgyi
(1893–1986)
The Hungarian scientist
Albert Szent-Györgyi is best
known for discovering vitamin
C. He also pioneered research
into how muscles move and
work. In 1937, he won the
Nobel Prize for physiology
Thomas Edison
and medicine.
(1847–1931)
Thomas Alva Edison
produced more than 1,000
inventions, including long-
lasting light bulbs, batteries, Blood transfusions play You inherit your
and movie projectors. an important part in Red blood type from
modern medicine. blood cells your parents.
1800 1850
Albert Earthquakes Charles Richter
destroy homes
Einstein and office (1900–1985)
buildings. Richter developed a way
(1879–1955)
to measure the power of
German-born
earthquakes. He worked
physicist Albert
on his scale with
Einstein’s famous
equation E=mc2 fellow physicist
Beno Gutenberg.
explained how
Einstein’s equation
energy and mass
are related. It helped
scientists understand
A “great” earthquake Epicentre (an
how the Universe works. (8–9.9 on the Richter earthquake’s
scale) strikes on average point of
once a year. origin)
8
Who was the father of the frozen food industry?