First Light in the Universe: Saas-Fee Advanced Course 36. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy (Saas-Fee Advanced Courses)

380 Pages·2007·8.74 MB·English

by  A. Loeb

Saas-Fee AdvancedCourse36
A. Loeb A. Ferrara R.S. Ellis
First Light in the Universe
Saas-Fee Advanced Course 36
Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy
Edited by D. Schaerer, A. Hempel and D. Puy
With 160Figures, 25inColor
AbrahamLoeb AndreaFerrara
DepartmentofAstronomy SISSA/InternationalSchool
HarvardUniversity,60GardenSt. AdvancedStudies
Cambridge,MA02138,USA ViaBeirut2-4
[email protected] 34014Trieste,Italy
[email protected]
RichardS.Ellis
AstronomyDepartment
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology
Pasadena,CA91125,USA
[email protected]
VolumeEditors:
DanielSchaerer DenisPuy
AngelaHempel UniversitédesSciencesMontpellierII
ObservatoiredeGenève GRAALCC72
UniversitédeGenève 34095Montpelliercedex
ChemindesMaillettes51 France
1290Sauverny,Switzerland [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
ThisseriesiseditedonbehalfoftheSwissSocietyforAstrophysicsandAstronomy:
SociétéSuissed’Astrophysiqueetd’Astronomie
ObservatoiredeGenève,ch.desMaillettes51,1290Sauverny,Switzerland
Coverpicture:Firstlight–Artistsview.Credit:NASA/WMAPScienceTeam.
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007937500
ISBN978-3-540-74162-6 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
The exploration of the first billion year of the history of the Universe, from
the so-called dark ages to cosmic reionisation, represents one of the great
challenges of contemporary astrophysics. During these phases the first struc-
tures start to grow forming the first stars, galaxies, and possibly also soon
the first quasars.At the same time the dark, neutral Universe starts to be lit
up and ionised by these source, leading to its progressive reionisation ending
at redshift z ∼6. Furthermore the first stars and supernovae begin to enrich
their surroundings and the intergalactic medium, and to produce the first
dust.
Allthesephenomenarepresentarichinterplaybetweenvariousfieldsofas-
trophysics,whichhaveseenimportantdevelopmentsoverrecentyears.Indeed
tremendous progresshas been made on the theoreticalunderstanding and on
numerical simulations. In addition, observations of signatures of reionisation
and even direct observations of galaxies at z > 6 are now becoming feasible.
Such observations actually provide a main driver for upcoming facilities such
as ground-based multi-object spectrographs in the near-IR, extremely large
telescopes, and for the James Webb Space Telescope.
Given these important achievements and the increasing developments
made in this rapidly expanding field, the members of the Swiss Society
for Astronomy and Astrophysics chose this topic for the 36th Saas-Fee ad-
vanced course. The course took place from 3 to 8 April 2006 in the Swiss
Alps in Les Diablerets. Approximately 70 participants from a great diver-
sity of countries could benefit from the excellent lectures delivered by Abra-
ham Loeb, Andrea Ferrara and Richard Ellis, who kindly accepted this task.
We wish to thank them here for all their work, including not only the lec-
tures but also the chapters assembled in this book. Their knowledge, ped-
agogical talents, and enthusiasm have been essential for the success of this
course.
VI Preface
We also thank our colleague Olivier Genevay for his technical help with
the projection and computers. A special thanks goes to the course secretary,
Ms Myriam Burgerner Frick, for all her help in the practical organisation of
this course.
Geneva, Daniel Schaerer
May 2007 Angela Hempel
Denis Puy
Contents
First Light
A. Loeb......................................................... 1
1 Opening Remarks ............................................ 1
2 Excavating the Universe for Clues About Its History.............. 2
3 BackgroundCosmologicalModel ............................... 3
4 Nonlinear Growth ............................................ 36
5 Fragmentation of the First Gaseous Objects to Stars.............. 47
6 Supermassive Black Holes ..................................... 72
7 Radiative Feedback from the First Sources of Light ............... 82
8 Feedback from Galactic Outflows...............................102
9 The Frontier of 21cm Cosmology...............................113
10 Major Challenge for Future Theoretical Research.................137
References ......................................................150
Cosmological Feedbacks from the First Stars
A. Ferrara ......................................................161
1 Star Formation in Primordial Gas ..............................162
2 The Initial Mass Function .....................................170
3 First Stars...................................................180
4 Observational Signatures of First Stars..........................191
5 Blastwaves and Winds ........................................203
6 Mechanical Feedbacks in Cosmology ............................210
7 Additional Feedback Processes .................................228
8 Early Cosmic Dust ...........................................236
9 The Intergalactic Medium .....................................248
References ......................................................256
Observations of the High Redshift Universe
R. S. Ellis ......................................................259
1 Role of Observations in Cosmology & Galaxy Formation ..........259
2 Galaxies & The Hubble Sequence...............................272
VIII Contents
3 Cosmic Star Formation Histories ...............................283
4 Stellar Mass Assembly ........................................295
5 Witnessing the End of Cosmic Reionization......................311
6 Into the Dark Ages: Lyman Dropouts ...........................320
7 Lyman Alpha Emitters and Gravitational Lensing ................330
8 Cosmic Infrared Background...................................344
9 Epilogue: Future Prospects ....................................353
References ......................................................359
Acknowledgments .............................................365
Index..........................................................367
List of Previous Saas-Fee Advanced Courses
!! 2006 FirstLight in the Universe
A. Loeb, A. Ferrara. R.S.Ellis
!! 2005 Trans-NeptunianObjectsand Comets
D. Jewitt, A. Morbidelli, H. Rauer
!! 2004 TheSun,Solar Analogs andtheClimate
J.D. Haigh, M. Lockwood, M.S. Giampapa
!! 2003 Gravitation Lensing: Strong, WeakandMicro
P. Schneider, C. Kochanek, J. Wambsganss
!! 2002 TheCold Universe
A.W. Blain, F. Combes, B.T. Draine
!! 2001 Extrasolar Planets
T. Guillot, P. Cassen, A. Quirrenbach
!! 2000 High-Energy SpectroscopicAstrophysics
S.M. Kahn, P. von Ballmoos, R.A. Sunyaev
!! 1999 PhysicsofStar Formation in Galaxies
F. Palla, H. Zinnecker
!! 1998 StarClusters
B.W. Carney, W.E. Harris
!! 1997 Computational MethodsforAstrophysical FluidFlow
R.J. LeVeque, D. Mihalas, E.A. Dorfi, E. Mu¨ller
!! 1996 Galaxies Interactions andInducedStarFormation
R.C. Kennicutt, F. Schweizer, J.E. Barnes
!! 1995 Stellar Remnants
S.D. Kawaler, I. Novikov, G. Srinivasan
!! 1994 Plasma Astrophysics
J.G. Kirk, D.B. Melrose, E.R. Priest
!! 1993 TheDeepUniverse
A.R. Sandage, R.G. Kron, M.S. Longair
!! 1992 Interacting Binaries
S.N. Shore, M. Livio, E.J.P. van den Heuvel
!! 1991 TheGalactic Interstellar Medium
W.B. Burton, B.G. Elmegreen, R. Genzel
!! 1990 Active Galactic Nuclei
R. Blandford, H. Netzer, L. Woltjer
* 1989 TheMilky WayasaGalaxy
G. Gilmore, I. King, P. van der Kruit
! 1988 Radiation inMoving GaseousMedia
H. Frisch, R.P. Kudritzki, H.W. Yorke
! 1987 LargeScaleStructuresintheUniverse
A.C. Fabian, M. Geller, A. Szalay
! 1986 Nucleosynthesis andChemical Evolution
J. Audouze, C. Chiosi, S.E. Woosley
! 1985 HighResolution inAstronomy
R.S. Booth, J.W. Brault, A. Labeyrie
! 1984 Planets, TheirOrigin, InteriorandAtmosphere
D. Gautier, W.B. Hubbard, H. Reeves
! 1983 Astrophysical ProcessesinUpperMainSequenceStars
A.N. Cox, S. Vauclair, J.P. Zahn
* 1982 Morphology andDynamics ofGalaxies
J. Binney, J. Kormendy, S.D.M. White
! 1981 Activity andOuterAtmospheres oftheSunandStars
F. Praderie, D.S. Spicer, G.L. Withbroe
* 1980 StarFormation
J. Appenzeller, J. Lequeux, J. Silk
* 1979 Extragalactic High EnergyPhysics
F. Pacini, C. Ryter, P.A. Strittmatter
* 1978 Observational Cosmology
J.E. Gunn, M.S. Longair, M.J. Rees
* 1977 AdvancedStages in Stellar Evolution
I. Iben Jr., A. Renzini, D.N. Schramm
* 1976 Galaxies
K. Freeman, R.C. Larson, B. Tinsley
* 1975 Atomic andMolecular ProcessesinAstrophysics
A. Dalgarno, F. Masnou-Seeuws, R.V.P. McWhirter
* 1974 Magnetohydrodynamics
L. Mestel, N.O. Weiss
* 1973 Dynamical StructureandEvolution ofStellar Systems
G. Contopoulos, M. H´enon, D. Lynden-Bell
* 1972 Interstellar Matter
N.C. Wickramasinghe, F.D. Kahn, P.G. Metzger
* 1971 TheoryoftheStellar Atmospheres
D. Mihalas, B. Pagel, P. Souffrin
* Outofprint
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GenevaObservatory
CH-1290 Sauverny
Switzerland
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at springerlink.com.