First History Encyclopedia: A First Reference Book for Children (DK First Reference)

135 Pages·2019·104.138 MB·English

by  DK

Contents
Project editor Manisha Majithia
Senior art editor Ann Cannings Introduction
Editor Kathleen Teece
4–5 What is history?
Editorial assistants Shalini Agrawal, Katie Lawrence,
Abigail Luscombe, Mark Silas 6–7 Early humans
Design Radhika Banerjee, Jim Green, 8–9 Stone Age
Emma Hobson, Xiao Lin, Roohi Rais, Lucy Sims
DTP designers Sachin Gupta, Vikram Singh
Picture researcher Aditya Katyal
The Ancient World
Jacket co-ordinator Issy Walsh
Jacket designer Dheeraj Arora 10–11 Mesopotamia
Managing editors Laura Gilbert,
12–13 Indus Valley civilization
Alka Thakur Hazarika
Deputy managing art editor Ivy Sengupta 14–15 Ancient Egypt
Managing art editor Diane Peyton Jones 16–17 Egyptian kings
Producer Inderjit Bhullar
18–19 Bronze Age
Senior pre-producer Nikoleta Parasaki
Delhi team head Malavika Talukder 20–21 Ancient China
Creative director Helen Senior
Publishing director Sarah Larter
The Classical World
Author Philip Wilkinson
Consultant Peter Chrisp 22–23 Ancient Greece
24–25 Greek religion and culture
First published in Great Britain in 2019
by Dorling Kindersley Limited 26–27 Persian Empire
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
28–29 Ancient Rome
Copyright © 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited 30–31 Roman life
A Penguin Random House Company
32–33 Iron Age
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–313250–July/2019 34–35 The Silk Road
36–37 Maya civilization
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored 38–39 Polynesian settlers
in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
40–41 World religions
in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner.
The Medieval World
A CIP catalogue record for this book
42–43 Anglo-Saxons
is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-2413-6694-3 44–45 Vikings

46–47 Medieval Europe
Printed and bound in Malaysia

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW

www.dk.com
2
There is a question at the bottom of each page...
002-003_Imprint_Contents.indd 2 21/02/19 2:51 PM
48–49 Byzantine Empire 102–103 The Great Depression
50–51 The Black Death 104–105 World War II in Europe
52–53 Early Islamic civilizations 106–107 The wider war
54–55 Mongols 108–109 Independence
56–57 Imperial China 110–111 Civil rights
58–59 Imperial Japan 112–113 Cold War
60–61 Korea in the Middle Ages 114–115 Space exploration
62–63 African kingdoms 116–117 Changing world
64–65 Indigenous people 118–119 Technology
of North America 120–121 Today’s world
66–67 Aztecs
68–69 Inca Empire Reference section
122–123 Timelines
The Early Modern World 124–125 True or false?
70–71 Age of exploration 126–127 Quiz
72–73 European colonies 128–129 Who or what am I?
74–75 The Slave Trade 130–131 Where in the world?
76–77 The Renaissance 132–133 Glossary
78–79 The Reformation 134–135 Index
80–81 Ottoman Empire 136 Picture credits
82–83 Mughal Empire
Every page is colour-coded
to show you which section
The Modern World it is in.
84–85 Settlers in Australasia
The Early Modern World Ottoman Empire
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90–91 Industrial Revolution
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D id you know
? About this book
These buttons The pages of this book have special
give extra features that will show you how to
fascinating facts
get your hands on as much
about history.
information as possible!
BCE/CE
When you see the letters bce, it
means Before the Common Era,
which began in the year 1 ce
(Common Era).
3
.rewsna eht rof ereh kcehc...
002-003_Imprint_Contents.indd 3 24/01/19 6:38 PM
Introduction
What is history?
History is the study of the past. There are
different types of history, such as military
history, about wars, and social history,
about the way people lived. We can learn
about the past from evidence, such as
objects, writings, and other
sources of information.
Film and photographs
Old photographs and films
can be used as historical
evidence. They show us what Museums
people wore, where they lived, Museums are places that store
and what they did in their objects used by people from the past.
spare time. Curators are the people who choose
the items to display in museums. They
Archaeology research these objects and write about
them, to help visitors to the museum
Archaeology is the study of
understand how they were used.
history by looking at, or by
digging up, historical sites to
This decorated ancient
find remains left behind by
Greek amphora (wine jar)
people in the past. People who dates back to around
dig up and study these remains 600–500 bce.
are called archaeologists.
4
Who can study history?
004-005_What_is_history.indd 4 24/01/19 6:20 PM
What is history?
Buildings
Old houses and their designs
are quite different from
houses built today. They give
us a good idea of what life
was like before modern
technology, when everything
had to be made by hand.
18th-century houses, like this
manor house in Estonia, are very
different from modern houses.
Madonna and Child, painting Documents
by Carlo Crivelli (1480)
Historians (people who study history) use written
documents, such as ancient books and diaries, to
find out about life in earlier times. Writing is so
important to the study of history that the
period before it was invented is called
prehistory (before history).
Art
Handwritten
Art, such as paintings,
postcards about
drawings, and sculptures sea travel written
in the early
can show us lots of
20th century
things about history.
A painting might
People
show us what the
houses, landscape, Memories are some of
or clothing of the the best sources for the
time looked like. history of more recent
events. Oral (spoken
word) historians study
history by talking
to people and
writing down
what they say.
5
.koob siht gnidaer yb ,os gniod era uoY .yrotsih yduts nac enoynA
004-005_What_is_history.indd 5 24/01/19 6:20 PM
Introduction
Early humans
The first humans came from
apes who lived around 6 million
years ago. Our earliest human
relatives are called hominins.
Over time, many types,
or species, of hominin
appeared, gradually
becoming more
like the humans
we are today.
The first
hominins
Our earliest human
relatives were apes
who began to walk
on two legs, and got People hunted
mammoths for their
smarter as their brains
meat and warm skins.
grew larger. Modern
Australopithecus was
humans like us appeared a short, small-brained
species of hominin that
around 200,000 years ago.
lived in Africa between
4 and 2 million years ago.
Tool-makers
Around 3 million years ago, hominins
learned to make tools out of stone.
The earliest stone tools that have
been found were made in Africa,
and were used for chopping
or cutting.
Small, sharp stone
Hand-axes were invented points snapped off
around 1.7 million years ago. from stone blades
6
How do we know what animals lived during the Ice Age?
006-007_Early_Humans.indd 6 25/01/19 4:18 PM
Early humans
Layers of deer skins
overlap to make
the shelter warm
Hearths A round stick called a and waterproof.
drill was rubbed against
a flat piece of wood
called a hearth to
produce a spark.
Drill
Fire
Early humans learned how
to make fire by rubbing
pieces of wood together
quickly. Fire-making
was a useful skill, as
fires could be used to
cook meat, help keep Shelter made of wooden poles and deer skins
people warm, and scare Shelter
away dangerous animals.
When the weather got too cold, people
Fires were kept alight with
needed to live in warm shelters, or
sticks and held together
by round stones. homes. They lived in caves, or made
Ice Age houses out of wood or the warm,
During an Ice Age, temperatures become so waterproof skins of animals, such
cold that ice covers large parts of the Earth. as mammoths or deer.
The last Ice Age began around 110,000
years ago, lasting until
10,000 bce. People had to
make warmer shelters
NORTH
and find new foods, as AMERICA
some plants no longer
grew because of
ASIA
the cold
weather.
AFRICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
Map showing early hominins’ journeys out of Africa
Leaving Africa
Our early human relatives lived in Africa.
From here, they travelled long distances to
Asia, Europe, Australia, and America. In
The woolly mammoth some places, different species of early
was an animal that lived
human lived side by side.
during the Ice Age.
7
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006-007_Early_Humans.indd 7 22/02/19 12:15 PM
Introduction
Stone Age
The Stone Age was the period
when our earliest human relatives
began to make stone tools for
the first time. They also developed
key skills such as farming and
building, which we still use today.
The Stone Age started around
3.3 million years ago and ended
around 4,000 years ago.
Hunting and gathering
People travelled long distances These cave paintings in Lascaux, France,
to find food. Stone Age women are more than 15,000 years old.
and children gathered and cooked
plants. Men hunted animals
and caught fish with
stone weapons.
Arrowheads
made of stone
This type of spear with a
sharp stone tip was used
to kill animals for food.
Clothing made
of animal skins
Farming
By around 9000 bce,
people started to plant
crops, such as peas and
lentils. They also raised
animals, such as sheep
and goats, which
provided a supply of
milk and wool.
Goat’s wool would have
kept Stone Age people
warm in cold weather.
8
Did Stone Age people live in caves?
008-009_The_Stone_Age.indd 8 24/01/19 6:20 PM
Stone Age
Spinning and weaving
By pulling and twisting material,
such as wool, people made
thread for sewing. Later, they
learned how to weave these
threads together to make
pieces of cloth.
Bone needle and
thread used for sewing
Spinning whorl
A spindle stick was placed inside the whorl.
Wool was attached to the stick. Spinning
the whorl twisted the wool into thread.
Houses
Some Stone Age people made houses out
of wood and mud. In other places, where
there were few trees, people built houses
with stones. The weight and shape of the
stones held the houses together.
Art
Stone Age people made lots
of art. They decorated objects
with patterns and drawings,
or painted animals and human
figures on rocks and cave walls.
They made colours from mud
or burned wood.
Painted Stone
This structure was once
Age pot
covered by a mound of earth.
This house, from the Stone Age village of Skara
Brae in the modern-day Orkney Islands off the
coast of Scotland, was built around 3000 bce.
Beliefs
Poulnabrone, an
Stone Age people built stone structures
ancient megalithic
tomb in Ireland called megaliths. Many megaliths were
built as tombs for the dead. Stone circles
and temples were also built during the
Stone Age. Religious ceremonies were
held here.
9
.sevac on erew ereht erehw secalp ni devil tsom tub ,did emoS
008-009_The_Stone_Age.indd 9 24/01/19 6:20 PM
The Ancient World
Mesopotamia This clay slab is covered
in cuneiform writing.
Mesopotamia means “the land
between two rivers”. It was here,
from 4500 , that the world’s first
bce
cities were built between the rivers
Tigris and Euphrates (in modern-day
Writing
Iraq). Each city was ruled by a king. The Mesopotamians
invented one of the earliest
types of writing called
cuneiform, which means
wedge-shaped. They wrote
by pressing reeds (strong,
tall grass) into soft clay.
River Tigris
Religion
River Euphrates Nineveh
M Cities, such as Ur and Uruk,
E
S
OP had their own special gods.
O
Mediterranean Sea TA They were worshipped in huge
MI
A
Babylon temples made out of brick,
Ur
called ziggurats. These temples
AFRICA Uruk
were run by priests, who could
APeranbiniasunl a Persian read and write.
Gulf
The ziggurat at Ur had many
floors, which were linked
Fertile lands
together by long
People lived by the rivers staircases.
as the land was made fertile
(good for growing crops)
by river water. This helped
them grow lots of food, such
as barley. Many of the main
Mesopotamian cities, such
as Babylon, were built by
a river.
10
Where was the city of Akkad?
010-011_Mesopotamia.indd 10 21/02/19 2:51 PM
Mesopotamia
Babylon
In around 1750 bce,
Babylon became the
most powerful city
in Mesopotamia.
The Babylonian king
Hammurabi was a
powerful leader who
made strict laws.
These were carved
into stone pillars so
people could always
see them.
The Ishtar Gate was one of eight main entrances
into Babylon. It was covered in colourful bricks and
used as a starting point for religious processions.
Heroic Tales
The earliest surviving long
poem is The Epic of Gilgamesh.
It is a poem that tells the story
of a Mesopotamian king called
Gilgamesh. His adventures
include fights with monsters
and a journey to the
Underworld.
Bronze head of an Akkadian
ruler, thought to be Sargon
Akkadian Empire
The city of Akkad became
powerful under a king called
Sargon in around 2330 bce.
Legends say he was a poor
man who rose to be king of
Akkad, and then conquered
This statue may show
most of Mesopotamia.
Gilgamesh wrestling a lion.
11
.secalp lareves ni dnuof neeb evah sniur hguohtla ,yltcaxe swonk eno oN
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