First Chromosome Counts for Four Families of Malpighiales

2010·0.74 MB·English

by  Oginuma, Kazuo

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ISSN 1346-7565 Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 61 (1) 4:9-54 (2010)
FirstChromosome Countsfor Four FamiliesofMalpighiales

KAZUO OGINUMAi AND HiRosHi ToBE2*
iDetpaf'tment of'Environme nStciaelnces, Iiaculty ofthtm aLn･l faendEnvironmental Science,
1<bch iP}bmen' sObeiversi J4(Mbch i.,]Zrpa n2De;parment ofBotai vG;raduate Sc:hooi ofScience.
1<yotoUniversiol)tyoto606-8502, lapan. "lohe@sLys,bot,kyoto-u.ac,ip (inuihor./?)rcorre,y)ondencel

The erdcr Malpighia]es, which cornprises 39-40 familie osf fiowerin gplants a,re poorl yundersteod in
terms of their morphological characters and the relationships ameng the familie sH.ere, we present the
fir scthremosome counts ofIrvingiaceae, Ixonanthacea eL,acistematacea aen,d Peraceac b,ased on Qne
or two species each, using somatic cells from young Leave sT.he chromesome numbers were 2n = 3e for
Jrvingi amaJcu?ana (lrvingiace 2ane ==) 2,8 for ixonanthes i(rosandr aand l. reticutata CIxonanthace 2anej,
= 44 fot Lacis'tenz aaggregatum (Lacistcmata acndea 2en )=,: 3-6 for enaetocar:p ucsastanocaqJus (Pera-
ceae), The Telationships ofindividual famiHesbased on chromosome numbers are discusse dbrlefiy,
Keywords: chromesome numbcr, Irvingiaeea iex,onanthaceae, Lacistematacea Mea,]pighia]es,
Peraceae
The order Malpighiale scomprises 39 to 40 Materials and Methods
families(Steven20s01 APGllt 2009,
enwards,
Haston et aL 2009), among which the phyloge- The species studied are liste idn [labl el, along
(Soltis data
netic relationships remain unclear et al. with collection and chromosome numbers,
2007, Wurdack & Davis 2009) .Morphological Somatic chromosomes were examified using
and molecular analyses are needed to bette run- young leave scollected from trees growing in the
derstan dthe relationships of individua flamilies. wild or in botanical gardens .The methods ofpre-
In terms of chrQrnosome numbers, which often treatment, fixatio na,nd staining for chromosome
reflect the evolutionary relationships among fam- observations fbllowed Oginuma et al. (1992 A)t.
ilie s(e, gO.g,inuma & [Ibb e2006: Laurales )or leas tthree to fiv ecells were examined tQ deter-
within familie s(e. gO.gi,numa & Tobe 1997: Rhi- mine the chromosome numbers.
zophoraceae), the Malpighiale sare poorly stud- The terminology of chromosome morphology
ied. Of the 39 to 40 malpighialean familie st,he based on the centromere position fbllow sLevan
chromosome numbers of 12 remain unknown: et al. (1964 W)e. examined all published data on
Centroplacacea eC,tenolophonaceae E,uphronia- the Malpighiales using Chromosome Numbers of
ceae, Goupiaceae ,Irvingiacea eI,xonanthaceae, Flowering Plant sby FedQrov (1974 )a,nd serial
Lacistematacea eL,ophopyxidaceae, Malesherbi- publicat{on stitled Index to Plant Chromosome
aceae, Medusagynaceae, Peraceae, and Quiina- Numbers (Orndu f1f967-1968, Moore 1973-
ceae (Steve 2n0s01 onwards). Here, we report the 197Z Go]dblat t1981-1988, Goldblatt & Johnson
firs cthromosome counts of fbur families :Irvin- 1990-2003) .Infbrmatio non chromosome num-
giaceae, Ixonanthacea e,Lacistematacea e,and bers of individua flamilies in the fbllowin gdis-
Peraceae, eussion was obtained from those publicatio nuns-
]ess
otherwise stated.
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T4BLE1.Taxaoflrvingiaceae,Jxenanthaeeae,LucistemataceaeandPeraceae(Malpighiales)studied,voucherintbrmationand
chrDmosorm.c numbers
Taxon Collection Chromosomenumber
Irvingiaceae
lrvingia matayana Oliv. SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah, Ciginuma &Lum s.n, in 2n-30
2008 (KYO).
Ixonanthaceae
ixonanthe sicosandf fJaack SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah, 7bbe & al. 1277 (KYO). 2n =.' 282n=28
L reticulata Jack SINGAPORE. MacRitchie, 7bbe & aL 1279 (KYO).
Lacistemataceae
Lacistema aggregatum Rusby MEXICO, Cha:lul ,Chiapas ,Tbbe & Qginuma 349 2nt44
(KYO).

Peraceae
C?laetocarpuscastanoearpevs THAILAND, Khao Yhj Nationai Park, ( igtnumas,n. 2n=36
Thwaites in 2oos (Kyo)
relationships among the familie sto which those
Resultsand Discussion genera are assigned. It appears worthwhile to pay
more attention to this possibili tiyn futur echro-
frvingiaceae
mosome studies.
The lrvingiaceae comprise eight species in
the three genera Desbordesia Pierre ex Tiegh., ixonanthaceae
frvingia Hook,£ and Klainedoxa Pierre cx Engl,, The Ixonanthaceae comprise 35 species in the
which are distribute dfrom Africa to Southeast five genera Allanthospermum Forman, Clyrillop-
Asia in the Old World tropics(Takhtaj2a00n9), Kuhlm., ixonanthesJack,Ochthocosmus
sis
We studied1 mala.yana Oliv. o,ne of fbur species Benth., and Plt];llocos mKulsotzsch ,all ofwhich
in it sgenus, which had 2n == 30, The chromo- have pantropica diistribution s(Takhta j2a00n9).
somes at metaphase gradually varied in length We studied two species ofixonanthes: l. ieosan-
firo mabout 0.7 to 1.4 ptm (Fi g1,A, B), 0fthe 30 dra Jack and L reticulata Jack, both ofwhich had
chromosomes, most had a median or submedian 2n = 28, The chromosomes at metaphase gradu-
centromerc, although the centromere positio nin a]]y varied in lengt hfi"o mabout O,6 to 1, 1pam in L
several small ch romosomes was unclear. icosandra (Fi gI,C, D) and fi:o mabout 0.4 to O.8
The base number of frvingi ais likel yx == 15, ptm inL reticztlata (Fi gIE., F). Ofthe 28 chromo-
Previous molecular analyses have suggested that somes, many had a centromere at a median or
Irvingiacea aere related to Linaceae (Davi est aL submedian position ,although the centromere po-
2005, Tokuoka & Tobe 2006, Solti set at. 2007, sition in several chromosomes in both species
'
Korotkova et al. 2009), and to Caryocaraceae, was uncertam.
Erythroxy]acea ea,nd Rhizophoraceae (Sol teit s The base number of L:onanthes is likely x =:
aL 2007). While the base number reported here 14 .The inter-famil yrelationships Qf the Ixonan-
for frvingia is substantially differen ftrom those thaceae are uncertai.n, but molecular analyses
of Caryocaraceae (n = 23), and Erythroxylaceae have suggested a weak relationship with Ochna-
(n = 12) ,and for Rhizophoracea e(x = 14 or 16) ,a ceae (Tokuok &a Tobe 2006) .Ochnaceae, how-
base number ofx =: 15 has been reported for a few ever, likely have a base number ofx = 10 (Oginu-
species of Linum (Linace aande )swcrodesmis ma unpublished). A base number of.x = 14 is rare
(Pandacea Teh)e. base number (x ::= 15) common in other Malpighiales, but occurs jn some Rhi-
to ltvingia L,inum and Mierodesmis may suggest zophoraceae (Oginum &a Tobe 1997).
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F[a. t. Semati cchremesornes at metaphase in Irvingiacea eand Ixonanthaceae .A,C, E: microgTaphs. B, D, F: drawiiigs ofmi-
cregraphs in A, C, and E, respectively. A, B: lrvingia malayana (2n = 30). C, D: Jxonanthes icosandra (2n = 2g). E, F/
ixonanthes retieuiata (2n =: 28). Scale bar, 2 um.
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Lacistemataceae and that the Peraceae are sister to the clade of
The Lacistematacea ecomprise 14 species in Rafflesiaceae and Euphorbiacea es.stn (Wurdack
two genera, Lacistema Sw, and Lozania Mutjs, & Davis 2009) .Anatomically, the Peraceae are
which are distribut efdiro mcentral to southern clearly distinguish efdrom Euphorbiaceae s.stn
South America (Takhta j2a0n09) .Lacistema ag- (palisa edxoatelgmeni in having a tracheoidal ex-
gregatum Rusby, which was studied here fbr the otegmen (Tbkuok a& [[bb e2006). Given that
firs ttime, had 2n == 44. The chromosomes at Chaetocarpus has a base number ofx = 18 (9 )th,e
metaphase graduatly varied from about O.9 to 2,3 Raffiesiace aheave x = 11 or 12, and Euphorbia-
pm (Fi g2.A, B) in length .Ofthe 44 chromo- ceae s.snt have divers echromosome numbers
somes, most had a median or submedian centro- such as n= 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, the chromosome
mere, although the centromere position in several number of Chaetocarpus is untikely to represent
small chromosomes was uncertain. relationships with other familie sT.o evaluate the
The base number ofLacistema is likel xy :=T 22 evolutionary implications of these chromosome
(o r11) ,Thc Lacistematacea eare a sister group of numbers, more in±brmation on the chromosomes
Salicacea e(Davi est al. 2005, Tokuoka & [[bbe of other genera and species ofPeraceae is needed
2006, So!ti set aL 2007, Wurdack & Davis 2009). in addition to an analysis ofthe phylogeneti rcela-
The occurrence ofx = 11 appears to be rare in tionships within the family.
other Malpighiales, but has been reported for
some Salicaceae (e, g,Fl,acourtia, Hbmalium, References
and Oncoba) and some Euphorbiaceae s,str. (e,g,,
Aleurite sC,opeTonia ,Chrozophora,Ditta, .latro- APGM (TheAngiosperm Phyiogcny Group). 2009. An

pha, ildltcaranga, iUinllotus, and Suregadti )T.he update ef the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classifi-
base number ofx = 11 may indicat aeffinities be- cation for the orders and families offlowering plants:
tween Lacistemataceae and Salicacea ea,lthough APGIil. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 10S-121.
Davis,C.C.,C.O.Webb, K. J.Wurdaek,C.A.Jaramillo
it occurs as a homoplasy in the Eupherbiaceae & M. J.D on og huc.20 05 .E xpTosive
s.stn as well. This has yet to be confirmed with pi ghi a le ssupports a mid- Cretaceous ra dioartiigoinn ooffM amlo-d-
chromosome data from a basal-diverge cnltade in ern tropical rain forests .Amer. Naturalist 165: E36-
the family phylogeny. E65.
Fedorov, A. A. 1974. Ch ro tnosome Numbers ofFlowering
Peraceae Plants .Otto Koeltz, Koenigstein, Germany,
GoldblattP,,1981-1988,Indexto Piant Chromesome

The Peraceae comprise 135 spec{es in the five Numbers. Volumes fbr 1975-1978, 1979-!98], 1982-
genera Chaetocampus Thwaites ,Clutia L., Pera 1983 ,and 1984-･198 p5ublishe din l981 ,1984, 1985.
Mutis, Pogonophora Miers ex Benth., and 7]'igo- and 1988, respectively. Monogr, Syst. Bot. Missouri
nopleura Hook.t, which have pantropical distri- Bot. Gard,5: 1-553, 8: 1-427, 13: 1-224, 23: 1-264.
Geldblatt,P.& D.E.Johnson, 1990-2003. Index to Plant
butions(Steven20s01 Chaetocarptts
onwards), Chromosorne Numberg, Voiurne sfor l986-1987,
Thwaites, here
castanocarpus which was studied 1988-1989, 1990-199!, 1992-1993, 1994-1996, and
for the firs ttime, had 2n =' 36. Chromosomes at 1998-2000 published in 1990, 1991, 1994, 1996,
metaphase gradually yaried from about O,5 to 1,1 1998, and 2003, respectively. Monegr, Syst. Bot. Mis-
"rn (Fi g2.C, D), Of the 36 chromosomes, most souri Bot. Gard. 30: 1-243, 40: 1-238, 51: 1-267. 58:
had a centromere at a median positio na,lthough H as t1o-n2,7E6., ,6J9.: E1.-R2i0e8h, a9r4d:s o1n-,29P7..PLStcvens,M. W. Chase

their position sin several small chromosomes &D. J ,Harris, 2009. The linear angiospcrmphylog-
were uncertaln, eny group (LAPG )III :a linea srequence ofthe fami-
The genera ofthe Peraceae are usually placed lie sin APG III .Bet. J. Linn. Soc. 161: I28-131.
Korotkeva, N.,J.V. Schneider,D. Quandt,A. Worberg,
2i0n 0th1e) ,EHuopwheovrbcira,ceae s,lat, (e.g .Ra,dcliffe-Shmaiyteh G. Zizk a & T. Bo rsch , 2009, Ph ylogeny ofth e eudicot
recent molecular analyses order Malpighiales: analysis of a recaLcitrant clade
revealed that Rafflesiaceae are sister to Euphor- with sequences ofthepetD group li intro nP.l. Syst,
biaceae s.stn, excluding the genera of Peraceae, Evol. 282: 201-228.
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June　2010 OGINuMA ＆ ToBE− Chromosome 　Counts　of　Malpighales
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FIG．2．　Somatic　cbromosomcs 　at　mctaphusc 　in　Lacistemataceae　and 　Peraceae．　A，　C：micrographs ．　B，　D：drawings　of　mi じro−
　　　graphs　in　A　and　C，　respcctively．　A，　B：Lαcistema αggregatum （2n＝44）．　C，　D：Chaetocarpu　csastan θcarpus （2n ＝36）．
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Oginuma, K. &H. Tbbe, 1997. Chromosomes ofCaratlia, Springet
(]binotroches ,and Pellacalyx <Rhizophorace aGye-; Tokuoka, T. & H. Tbbe, 2006. Phylogenetie ana]yses of
nQtrocheae), Acta Phytotax ,Geobot. 48: 1S-21. Malpighiale susing plasti dand nucLear DNA se-
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Received1i'ebruaJv Z 2010, 'accqptedApril 8, 20IO
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