First Aid Manual, 10th Edition PDF
Preview First Aid Manual, 10th Edition
REVISED 10TH EDITION FIRST AID M ANUAL WRITTEN AND AUTHORISED BY THE UK’S LEADING FIRST AID PROVIDERS REVISED 10TH EDITION FIRST AID MANUAL 001-Half_Title.indd 1 14/03/2016 15:23 002-003_Title.indd 2 14/03/2016 15:23 REVISED 10TH EDITION The Authorised Manual of St John Ambulance, St Andrew’s First Aid and the British Red Cross St John Ambulance Dr Margaret Austin DStJ LRCPI LRCSI LM Chief Medical Adviser St Andrew’s First Aid Mr Rudy Crawford MBE BSc (Hons) MB ChB FRCS (Glasg) FRCEM Chairman of the Board British Red Cross Dr Barry Klaassen BSc (Hons) MB ChB FRCS (Edin) FRCEM Chief Medical Adviser 002-003_Title.indd 3 28/04/2016 10:16 LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI St John Ambulance is a registered charity (No. 1077265/1); St Andrew’s First Aid is the trading name of St Andrew’s Ambulance Association, incorporated by Royal Charter 1899, is a charity registered in Scotland (No. SC006750); The British Red Cross Society, incorporated by Royal Charter 1908, is a charity registered in England and Wales (220949), Scotland (SC037738), and the Isle of Man (0752). Each charity receives a royalty for every copy of the book sold by Dorling Kindersley. Details of the royalties payable can be obtained by writing to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited, at 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL. For the purposes of the Charities Acts no further seller of this book shall be deemed to be a commercial participator with these three Societies. DORLING KINDERSLEY Consultant editor Project art editor Jemima Dunne Duncan Turner Senior editor Jacket designer Janet Mohun Duncan Turner Jacket editor Producer Claire Gell Rita Sinha Producer, pre-production Photography Jacqueline Street Gerard Brown, Managing editor Vanessa Davies, Angeles Gavira Guerrero Ruth Jenkinson Publisher Jacket design development manager Liz Wheeler Sophia MTT Publishing director Managing art editor Jonathan Metcalf Michael Duffy Art director Karen Self Text revised in line with the latest guidelines from the Resuscitation Council (UK). Note: The masculine pronoun “he” is used when referring to the first aider or casualty, unless the individual shown in the photograph is female. This is for convenience and clarity and does not reflect a preference for either sex. Revised 10th edition first published in Great Britain in 2016 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL A Penguin Random House Company 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 001 –289239–July/2016 Text copyright © 2016 St John Ambulance; St Andrew’s First Aid; The British Red Cross Society Illustration copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited, except as listed in acknowledgments on p.288 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. All enquiries regarding any extracts or re-use of any material in this book should be addressed to the publishers, Dorling Kindersley Limited. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-2412-4123-3 Printed and bound in Slovakia Discover more at www.dk.com 004-005_Imprint_Foreword.indd 4 31/03/2016 12:05 THE FIRST AID SOCIETIES Drawing on hundreds of years of combined experience, the First Aid Societies are the acknowledged experts in training and practising first aid. Each society offers distinct charitable, voluntary and training services, but all work together to raise standards in first aid. Our medical advisers have based the advice in this book on the most up-to-date research, and our training experts have presented it in a way that is both easy to learn and easy to recall. ST JOHN AMBULANCE As the nation’s leading first aid charity, St John volunteers, providing first aid at events, acting Ambulance believes that no one should die as first responders to NHS emergency calls in because they needed first aid and did not get it. the community, or supporting their local This is why we teach people first aid (in schools, ambulance service. workplaces and the community), equipping You too can be the difference between a life them with the skills to be the difference lost and a life saved. To find out how, visit between life and death. Some of the people we sja.org.uk, or call 08700 10 49 50 teach go on to become one of our 40,000 ST ANDREW’S FIRST AID St Andrew’s First Aid is Scotland’s dedicated We also supply a full range of first aid products first aid charity and provider of first aid training, and training materials to first aid professionals, services and supplies. Our volunteers provide industry and the general public. essential first aid services in communities ■■ Visit www.firstaid.org.uk across Scotland, including cover for events large ■■Email [email protected] and small, and teach life-saving skills to others. ■■Call 0141 332 4031 BRITISH RED CROSS As part of the world’s largest provider of first first aid cover at public events, respond to aid, the British Red Cross trains tens of natural disasters conflicts and individual thousands of people in the UK every year, emergencies. building resilience within communities and ■■The British Red Cross – refusing to ignore preparing them to cope with all types of people in crisis emergencies. Our courses provide training for ■■For more information and to learn about first every need, including treatment for adult, child aid, visit: and baby and first aid at work. Through our redcross.co.uk/firstaid global network of volunteers we also provide or call us to book a course on 0344 412 2808 004-005_Imprint_Foreword.indd 5 14/03/2016 15:23 CONTENTS ASSESSING A CASUALTY 38 INTRODUCTION 10 Assessing the sick or injured __________________________ 40 BECOMING A Mechanisms of injury _____________________________________ 42 FIRST AIDER 12 Primary survey ________________________________________________ 44 What is a first aider? ________________________________________ 14 Secondary survey ____________________________________________ 46 How to prepare yourself ___________________________________ 15 Head-to-toe examination _______________________________ 49 Protection from infection ________________________________ 16 Monitoring vital signs ______________________________________ 52 Dealing with a casualty ____________________________________ 19 Requesting help ________________________________________________ 22 THE UNRESPONSIVE The use of medication ______________________________________ 24 CASUALTY 54 Remember your own needs _____________________________ 24 Breathing and circulation ________________________________ 56 Life-saving priorities ________________________________________ 57 Unresponsive adult __________________________________________ 62 Unresponsive child __________________________________________ 72 Unresponsive infant _______________________________________ 80 How to use an AED __________________________________________84 MANAGING AN INCIDENT 26 Action at an emergency ___________________________________28 Traffic incidents ________________________________________________30 Fires __________________________________________________________________32 Electrical incidents ___________________________________________34 Water incidents ________________________________________________36 RESPIRATORY Major incidents ________________________________________________ 37 PROBLEMS 88 The respiratory system ___________________________________ 90 Hypoxia ____________________________________________________________ 92 Airway obstruction __________________________________________ 93 Choking adult __________________________________________________ 94 Choking child ___________________________________________________ 95 Choking infant ________________________________________________ 96 Hanging and strangulation ______________________________ 97 Inhalation of fumes __________________________________________ 98 006-009_Contents.indd 6 14/03/2016 15:23 Foreign object in a wound ______________________________121 Scalp and head wounds __________________________________122 Eye wound _______________________________________________________123 Bleeding from the ear _____________________________________123 Nosebleed _______________________________________________________124 Knocked-out adult tooth _______________________________ 125 Bleeding from the mouth _______________________________125 Finger wound __________________________________________________126 Wound to the palm ________________________________________ 127 Drowning _______________________________________________________100 Wound at a joint crease _________________________________ 127 Hyperventilation ____________________________________________ 101 Abdominal wound ___________________________________________128 Asthma ___________________________________________________________ 102 Vaginal bleeding ______________________________________________128 Croup ______________________________________________________________ 103 Bleeding varicose vein ____________________________________129 Penetrating chest wound ______________________________ 104 BONE, JOINT WOUNDS AND MUSCLE INJURIES 130 AND BLEEDING 106 The skeleton ___________________________________________________ 132 The heart and blood vessels __________________________ 108 Bones, muscles and joints _______________________________134 Bleeding and types of wound ________________________ 110 Fractures ________________________________________________________ 136 Shock _______________________________________________________________112 Dislocated joint ______________________________________________ 139 Severe external bleeding ________________________________114 Strains and Sprains ________________________________________140 Internal bleeding _____________________________________________ 116 The brain and nerves ______________________________________142 Impalement _____________________________________________________ 117 Head injury ______________________________________________________144 Amputation _____________________________________________________ 117 Facial injury _____________________________________________________146 Crush injury _____________________________________________________ 118 Lower jaw injury ______________________________________________147 Cuts and grazes _______________________________________________ 119 Cheekbone and nose injury ____________________________147 Bruising ___________________________________________________________ 119 Collar bone injury ____________________________________________148 Blisters ___________________________________________________________ 120 Shoulder injury ________________________________________________149 Infected wound ______________________________________________ 120 Upper arm injury _____________________________________________150 Elbow injury ______________________________________________________151 Forearm and wrist injuries ______________________________152 Hand and finger injuries _________________________________153 Rib injury __________________________________________________________154 Pelvic injury______________________________________________________ 155 Back pain ________________________________________________________ 156 Spinal injury ____________________________________________________157 Hip and thigh injuries ____________________________________ 160 Lower leg injuries ___________________________________________ 162 Knee injury ______________________________________________________ 164 006-009_Contents.indd 7 14/03/2016 15:23 Ankle injury ____________________________________________________ 165 Foreign object in the eye ________________________________196 Foot and toe injuries _______________________________________166 Foreign object in the ear _________________________________197 Cramp _____________________________________________________________ 167 Foreign object in the nose ______________________________197 How poisons affect the body __________________________198 Types of poison _______________________________________________199 Swallowed poisons _______________________________________ 200 Drug poisoning ______________________________________________ 201 Alcohol poisoning _________________________________________ 202 Animal and human bites _______________________________ 203 Insect sting ____________________________________________________ 204 Tick bite _________________________________________________________ 205 Other bites and stings __________________________________ 205 Snake bite ______________________________________________________ 206 EFFECTS OF Stings from sea creatures _____________________________ 207 HEAT AND COLD 168 Marine puncture wound _______________________________ 207 The skin __________________________________________________________ 170 Assessing a burn ____________________________________________ 172 Severe burns and scalds ________________________________ 174 Minor burns and scalds _________________________________ 176 Burns to the airway _________________________________________ 177 Electrical burn _________________________________________________ 178 Chemical burn ________________________________________________ 179 Chemical burn to the eye ______________________________ 180 Flash burn to the eye ______________________________________ 181 Incapacitant spray exposure __________________________ 181 Dehydration ___________________________________________________ 182 Sunburn __________________________________________________________ 183 MEDICAL Heat exhaustion _____________________________________________ 184 CONDITIONS 208 Heatstroke ______________________________________________________ 185 Hypothermia __________________________________________________ 186 Angina ____________________________________________________________ 210 Frostbite _________________________________________________________ 189 Heart attack ____________________________________________________ 211 Stroke _____________________________________________________________ 212 Diabetes mellitus ___________________________________________ 214 FOREIGN OBJECTS, Hyperglycaemia _____________________________________________ 214 POISONING, BITES & STINGS 190 Hypoglycaemia ______________________________________________ 215 The sensory organs _________________________________________192 Seizures in adults ___________________________________________ 216 Splinter ____________________________________________________________194 Seizures in children ________________________________________ 218 Embedded fish-hook ______________________________________ 195 Fever _______________________________________________________________ 219 Swallowed foreign object ______________________________ 195 Meningitis _____________________________________________________ 220 006-009_Contents.indd 8 14/03/2016 15:23
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