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First Aid for the Usmle Step 1, 2016 PDF

784 Pages·2016·51.66 MB·English
by  Tao Le
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FIRST AID FOR THE® USMLE STEP 1 2016 TAO LE, MD, MHS VIKAS BHUSHAN, MD Associate Clinical Professor Diagnostic Radiologist Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology Los Angeles Department of Medicine University of Louisville MATTHEW SOCHAT, MD MEHBOOB KALANI, MD Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Temple University Hospital Allegheny Health Network Medical Education Consortium YASH CHAVDA, DO KIMBERLY KALLIANOS, MD Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine Resident, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging St. Barnabas Hospital, Bronx University of California, San Francisco FRANCIS DENG PATRICK SYLVESTER, MD Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine Class of 2016 The Ohio State University New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Athens / London / Madrid / Mexico City Milan / New Delhi / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto Copyright © 2016 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. ISBN: 978-1-25-958738-2 MHID: 1-25-958738-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25-958737-5, MHID: 1-25-958737-1. eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us page at wwwmhprofessional.com. Previous editions copyright © 1991 through 2015 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. First edition copyright © 1990, 1989 by Vikas Bhushan, Jeffrey Hansen, and Edward Hon. First Aid for the® is a registered trademark of McGraw-Hill Education. Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill Education’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. Dedication To the contributors to this and past editions, who took time to share their knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students and physicians everywhere. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributing Authors vii General Acknowledgments xiii Associate Authors viii How to Contribute xvii Faculty Advisors ix How to Use This Book xix Preface xi Selected USMLE Laboratory Values xx Special Acknowledgments xii First Aid Checklist for the USMLE Step 1 xxii ` SECTION I GUIDE TO EFFICIENT EXAM PREPARATION 1 Introduction 2 Test-Taking Strategies 19 USMLE Step 1—The Basics 2 Clinical Vignette Strategies 20 Defining Your Goal 12 If You Think You Failed 21 Excelling in the Preclinical Years 12 If You Failed 22 Timeline for Study 14 Testing Agencies 22 Study Materials 18 References 22 ` SECTION I SUPPLEMENT SPECIAL SITUATIONS 25 ` SECTION II HIGH-YIELD GENERAL PRINCIPLES 27 How to Use the Database 28 Immunology 189 Behavioral Science 31 Pathology 215 Biochemistry 47 Pharmacology 235 Microbiology 107 v ` SECTION III HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEMS 257 Approaching the Organ Systems 258 Neurology 449 Cardiovascular 261 Psychiatry 507 Endocrine 305 Renal 529 Gastrointestinal 337 Reproductive 561 Hematology and Oncology 377 Respiratory 605 Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue 415 Rapid Review 629 ` SECTION IV TOP-RATED REVIEW RESOURCES 649 How to Use the Database 650 Biochemistry 654 Question Banks 652 Cell Biology and Histology 655 Question Books 652 Microbiology and Immunology 655 Internet Sites 652 Pathology 656 Mobile Apps 652 Pharmacology 657 Comprehensive 653 Physiology 657 Anatomy, Embryology, and Neuroscience 653 Abbreviations and Symbols 659 Behavioral Science 654 Photo Acknowledgments 667 Index 687 About the Editors 761 vi Contributing Authors RAM BABOO, MBBS, MS (Surgery) M. SCOTT MOORE, DO Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Resident, Department of Pathology University of Arizona EMILIA CALVARESI, PhD CAROLINE MURRELL University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Medicine Class of 2017 Wake Forest School of Medicine Class of 2017 ANGELA GAUTHIER JUN YEN NG Yale School of Medicine The University of Queensland Class of 2017 Class of 2015 BENJAMIN GOUGH SARAH SCHIMANSKY, MB BCh BAO Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine Foundation Doctor Class of 2016 North Bristol NHS Trust JAN ANDRE GRAUMAN, MA JARED SHENSON Adjunct Assistant Professor Vanderbilt University School of Medicine University of Victoria School of Nursing Class of 2016 JACQUELINE HAIRSTON NINO SIKHARULIDZE, MD Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Endocrinology Class of 2016 Tbilisi State Medical University DAVID HUANG ANDREW ZUREICK The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University University of Michigan Medical School Class of 2017 Class of 2017 Image and IllustratIon team JOCELYN COMPTON, MD RICHARD P. USATINE, MD Resident, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Professor, Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Professor, Family and Community Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio RYAN W. HADDEN RENATA VELAPATIÑO, MD UAB School of Medicine Class of 2017 San Martín de Porres University PRAMOD THEETHA KARIYANNA, MD Resident, Department of Internal Medicine SUNY Downstate Medical Center vii Associate Authors MARIA BAKKAL KRISHAN JETHWA, MD University of Aleppo School of Medicine Resident, Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo Clinic PRIYANKA CHILAKAMARRI YIANNIS KOULLIAS, MD University of Vermont College of Medicine Class of 2016 Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital PRITHA CHITAGI, MD SHAWN VERMA Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Wayne State University The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Class of 2018 PATRICK HUDSON, MD Oregon Health & Science University Class of 2015 Image and IllustratIon team WENDY ABBOTT KEVIN AU, MD Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine Resident, Department of Vascular Surgery Class of 2015 Louisiana State University viii Faculty Advisors MARIA ANTONELLI, MD CHARLES S. DELA CRUZ, MD, PhD Rheumatology Fellow, Department of Medicine Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Yale School of Medicine HERMAN BAGGA, MD RICHARD S. FINKEL, PharmD Fellow, Department of Urology Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cleveland Clinic Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy CONRAD FISCHER, MD ADITYA BARDIA, MBBS, MPH Residency Program Director, Brookdale University Hospital Attending Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital Brooklyn, New York Harvard Medical School Associate Professor, Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology Touro College of Medicine SHASHANK BEHERE, MD Fellow, Nemours Cardiac Center JEFFREY J. GOLD, MD Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children Associate Professor, Department of Neurology University of California, San Diego School of Medicine PAULETTE BERND, PhD Professor, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology RYAN C.W. HALL, MD Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry University of South Florida J. PETER CAMPBELL, MD, MPH LOUISE HAWLEY, PhD Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology Oregon Health & Science University Immediate Past Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology Ross University School of Medicine BROOKS D. CASH, MD MARGARET HAYES, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology University of South Alabama School of Medicine Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Johns Hopkins Hospital PETER V. CHIN-HONG, MD JEFFREY W. HOFMANN, PhD Professor, Department of Medicine The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University University of California, San Francisco MD Candidate SHIVANI VERMA CHMURA, MD DEEPALI JAIN, MD Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences LINDA S. COSTANZO, PhD BRIAN C. JENSEN, MD Professor, Physiology & Biophysics Assistant Professor, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine ANTHONY L. DeFRANCO, PhD KRISTINE KRAFTS, MD Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine University of Minnesota School of Medicine ix

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This annually updated review delivers a comprehensive collection of high-yield facts and mnemonics that pinpoint exactly what students need to know to pass the exam. Co-authored by medical students who recently took the boards, it provides a complete framework to help students prepare for the most s
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