First Aid for the Usmle Step 1, 2016

784 Pages·2016·51.66 MB·English

by  Tao Le

FIRST AID
FOR
THE®
USMLE
STEP 1
2016
TAO LE, MD, MHS VIKAS BHUSHAN, MD
Associate Clinical Professor Diagnostic Radiologist
Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology Los Angeles
Department of Medicine
University of Louisville
MATTHEW SOCHAT, MD MEHBOOB KALANI, MD
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Temple University Hospital Allegheny Health Network Medical Education Consortium
YASH CHAVDA, DO KIMBERLY KALLIANOS, MD
Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine Resident, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
St. Barnabas Hospital, Bronx University of California, San Francisco
FRANCIS DENG PATRICK SYLVESTER, MD
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine
Class of 2016 The Ohio State University
New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Athens / London / Madrid / Mexico City
Milan / New Delhi / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto
Copyright © 2016 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings
may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
ISBN: 978-1-25-958738-2
MHID: 1-25-958738-X
The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25-958737-5,
MHID: 1-25-958737-1.
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Previous editions copyright © 1991 through 2015 by Tao Le and Vikas Bhushan. First edition copyright © 1990, 1989 by Vikas Bhushan, Jeffrey Hansen, and Edward Hon.
First Aid for the® is a registered trademark of McGraw-Hill Education.
Notice
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Dedication
To the contributors to this and past editions, who took
time to share their knowledge, insight, and humor for the
benefit of students and physicians everywhere.
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Contents
Contributing Authors vii General Acknowledgments xiii
Associate Authors viii How to Contribute xvii
Faculty Advisors ix How to Use This Book xix
Preface xi Selected USMLE Laboratory Values xx
Special Acknowledgments xii First Aid Checklist for the USMLE Step 1 xxii
` SECTION I GUIDE TO EFFICIENT EXAM PREPARATION 1
Introduction 2 Test-Taking Strategies 19
USMLE Step 1—The Basics 2 Clinical Vignette Strategies 20
Defining Your Goal 12 If You Think You Failed 21
Excelling in the Preclinical Years 12 If You Failed 22
Timeline for Study 14 Testing Agencies 22
Study Materials 18 References 22
` SECTION I SUPPLEMENT SPECIAL SITUATIONS 25
` SECTION II HIGH-YIELD GENERAL PRINCIPLES 27
How to Use the Database 28 Immunology 189
Behavioral Science 31 Pathology 215
Biochemistry 47 Pharmacology 235
Microbiology 107
v
` SECTION III HIGH-YIELD ORGAN SYSTEMS 257
Approaching the Organ Systems 258 Neurology 449
Cardiovascular 261 Psychiatry 507
Endocrine 305 Renal 529
Gastrointestinal 337 Reproductive 561
Hematology and Oncology 377 Respiratory 605
Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue 415 Rapid Review 629
` SECTION IV TOP-RATED REVIEW RESOURCES 649
How to Use the Database 650 Biochemistry 654
Question Banks 652 Cell Biology and Histology 655
Question Books 652 Microbiology and Immunology 655
Internet Sites 652 Pathology 656
Mobile Apps 652 Pharmacology 657
Comprehensive 653 Physiology 657
Anatomy, Embryology, and Neuroscience 653 Abbreviations and Symbols 659
Behavioral Science 654 Photo Acknowledgments 667
Index 687 About the Editors 761
vi
Contributing Authors
RAM BABOO, MBBS, MS (Surgery) M. SCOTT MOORE, DO
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Resident, Department of Pathology
University of Arizona
EMILIA CALVARESI, PhD
CAROLINE MURRELL
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Medicine
Class of 2017 Wake Forest School of Medicine
Class of 2017
ANGELA GAUTHIER
JUN YEN NG
Yale School of Medicine
The University of Queensland
Class of 2017
Class of 2015
BENJAMIN GOUGH
SARAH SCHIMANSKY, MB BCh BAO
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine
Foundation Doctor
Class of 2016
North Bristol NHS Trust
JAN ANDRE GRAUMAN, MA
JARED SHENSON
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
University of Victoria School of Nursing
Class of 2016
JACQUELINE HAIRSTON NINO SIKHARULIDZE, MD
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Endocrinology
Class of 2016 Tbilisi State Medical University
DAVID HUANG ANDREW ZUREICK
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University University of Michigan Medical School
Class of 2017 Class of 2017
Image and IllustratIon team
JOCELYN COMPTON, MD RICHARD P. USATINE, MD
Resident, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Professor, Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Professor, Family and Community Medicine
University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio
RYAN W. HADDEN
RENATA VELAPATIÑO, MD
UAB School of Medicine
Class of 2017 San Martín de Porres University
PRAMOD THEETHA KARIYANNA, MD
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
vii
Associate Authors
MARIA BAKKAL KRISHAN JETHWA, MD
University of Aleppo School of Medicine Resident, Department of Radiation Oncology
Mayo Clinic
PRIYANKA CHILAKAMARRI
YIANNIS KOULLIAS, MD
University of Vermont College of Medicine
Class of 2016 Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
PRITHA CHITAGI, MD
SHAWN VERMA
Resident, Department of Internal Medicine
Wayne State University The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Class of 2018
PATRICK HUDSON, MD
Oregon Health & Science University
Class of 2015
Image and IllustratIon team
WENDY ABBOTT KEVIN AU, MD
Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine Resident, Department of Vascular Surgery
Class of 2015 Louisiana State University
viii
Faculty Advisors
MARIA ANTONELLI, MD CHARLES S. DELA CRUZ, MD, PhD
Rheumatology Fellow, Department of Medicine Assistant Professor, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Yale School of Medicine
HERMAN BAGGA, MD RICHARD S. FINKEL, PharmD
Fellow, Department of Urology Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Cleveland Clinic Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy
CONRAD FISCHER, MD
ADITYA BARDIA, MBBS, MPH
Residency Program Director, Brookdale University Hospital
Attending Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital
Brooklyn, New York
Harvard Medical School
Associate Professor, Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology
Touro College of Medicine
SHASHANK BEHERE, MD
Fellow, Nemours Cardiac Center JEFFREY J. GOLD, MD
Nemours/Alfred I duPont Hospital for Children
Associate Professor, Department of Neurology
University of California, San Diego School of Medicine
PAULETTE BERND, PhD
Professor, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology RYAN C.W. HALL, MD
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry
University of South Florida
J. PETER CAMPBELL, MD, MPH
LOUISE HAWLEY, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology
Oregon Health & Science University Immediate Past Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology
Ross University School of Medicine
BROOKS D. CASH, MD
MARGARET HAYES, MD
Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
University of South Alabama School of Medicine Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Johns Hopkins Hospital
PETER V. CHIN-HONG, MD
JEFFREY W. HOFMANN, PhD
Professor, Department of Medicine
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
University of California, San Francisco
MD Candidate
SHIVANI VERMA CHMURA, MD
DEEPALI JAIN, MD
Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Department of Psychiatry
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology
Stanford University School of Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
LINDA S. COSTANZO, PhD BRIAN C. JENSEN, MD
Professor, Physiology & Biophysics Assistant Professor, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine
ANTHONY L. DeFRANCO, PhD KRISTINE KRAFTS, MD
Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences
University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine University of Minnesota School of Medicine
ix