First Aid for the Basic Sciences, Organ Systems (First Aid Series) PDF
Preview First Aid for the Basic Sciences, Organ Systems (First Aid Series)
n A JJjigl E NC: ES sit er ns m - % TAO LE KENDALL KRAUSE Elizabeth Eby Justin P. Fox Danielle Guez M. Kennedy Hall Sandy Mong Konstantina M. Vanevski FIRST A I D ^ BASIC SCIENCES Organ Systems SENIOR EDITORS EDITORS TAO LE, MD, MHS ELIZABETH EBY Assisliinl Clinical Profcssur Vaiulerhilt University School of Medicine Chief, .Section of Allergy and Clinical limnnnologv Class of 2009 Deparlmenl of Medicine JUSTIN P. FOX, MD Universily of Louisville Resident KENDALL KRAUSE, MD Depaiimenl of Sniycn, Residenl Wriglil Slale Universilv Dcprtnienl df iMncr^cnc) Medicine DANIELLE GUEZ llarvard Affiliated Emergencv Medicine Residency Vale University School of Medicine Class oflOll M. KENNEDY HALL Alherl I'.iiislein College of Medicine Class of 2001) SANDY MONG Harvard Medical School Class of 2009 KONSTANTINA M. VANEVSKI, MD Senior Fellow Depaiimenl ol Ohslelries and Cyneeolcjj*) F, Kdward lleherl School of Medicine llnilomed SetVices UniversiK oflhe Ikallli Sciences jig Medical New York Chicago San Krancisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Scon! Singapore Sydney Toronto The McGraw-Hill Companies first Aid for llie" liasie Sciences: Organ Syslems Copyrighl .<; 2009 In The McCraw-Hill Companies. Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United Stales nf America. Except as perinilleil under the Uniled Slates Copyright Act of 1V76. no part of this publication maybe reproduced or distributed in any lorm or by any ineaiis, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without llie prior written pennissioit oflhe publisher. first Aid for the" is a registered trademark ol T he McCraw-Hill Companies, Inc. nisclosnre: The opinions or assertions eonlaineil herein are the private views of the authors ami are not to he comtmed as official or as rcllccling Ihe viewMil the Deparlmenl of Defense, the I Inited Slates Military, or tlie neparlment of Heallh and Hninan Services. m 4 S 6 7 imi QPD/QPD 12 11 10 l> S ISBN 97S-II-07-154543-? VII I1D 0-07-15454Vs NOTICE Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden oui knowledge, changes ill trealmenl and drug thernpy arc reipiired. The aulhor.s and Ihc pnblislier of this work ha\e cheeked wilh sources believed to he reliable in Iheir elTorls lo provide intoriualion lhal is eomplele and generally in accord wilh the standards accepted al the lime of publication. I lowever. in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, ncilber ihe aulhnis nor the publisher nor anv other party who has been involved in the preparalioi i or pnh- licalioii ol Ibis work warrants that the infomiation contained herein is in even' respect accurate or complete, and thev disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Headers are encouraged lo confinn llie information contained herein wilh olher .sources, for example and in particular, readers are advised lo cheek the product infonnatinn sheet in- elmlfd in the package of each drug Ihey plan to administer lo be certain thai llie iuformaliou contained in this work is accurate and lhal chanm-. have nol been made in the recommended dose or in the conlraindications for adttiinislralion. This recominendation is of particular importance in conneclion wilh new or iiifie(|iienlly used drugs, I his hook was sel iu Kledra I .H by Rainbow Craphics. The illmlralion manager was Armen Ovsepyan. Ihe editor was Catherine A. )nlinson. The designer was Alan Bamett, llie production siipervisor was Phil Calca. Qnebecor Dubuque was printer and binder. Project managemenl was provided by Rainbow Graphics. This bonk is printed on acid-free paper. Ihe following inalerial was reprodneed, with pennbsion, from Lc T, el al. Pirst.Md fur the 1 'SMI.K Slep li 20IIH, New York: McCraw-l lill. 20(IK: figures 1-14. 1-16, i-17, 1-19.1-27, 1-24. MO, l-7i, 2-25, 4-H, 4-9,4-10.4-23. S-45. 6-v 6-11, 6-12. 6-44, 6-47, 6-54,6-6\ 6-6(), S-2, S-H, 8*22, S-25,8-2y, 8->0, So2, MK/W.V-^.')-^. 111-14, 10-18, 10-19. 111-22. 10-23. and 111-44;TabJies I-I 5. 2-16. 2-IS. 2-20. 6-20, 6-21, Ml, and S-27, Cover images arc reproduced, with permissiou, from the following sources: Lichtman MA. Beuller I',, Kipps T), Seligsohn 11. Kaushansky K, Prchat JT. Williaws Hcmato/ogy, 7lli ed. McCraw-Hill. 2007 and PEIR Digital Library. lillp://peir.iiet Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Piibliealion Data Lc.Tao. firsl aid for ihe basic sciences. Organ syslems / Tao Le, Kendall Kranse. p. ; cm. Ineludes index. tSBN-I3: 978-0-07-154543-3 (pbk.) ISBN-IO: 0-07-154543-3 (pbk.) 1. Medicine—Examinalions. rpiestions. etc. 2. Medicine—Outlines, syllabi, etc. 3. Orgaus-Examinations, r|ueslions, etc. 4. Medical sciences-Examinatiuns, tpiestions. etc. 5. Physicians-Licenses-Uniled Slates-Examinations-Studv guides. I. Kranse, Kendall. II. Title. 111. Tille: Organ systems. [DNLM: L Internal Medicine-Oullines. WB 18.2 L435f 2009) R834.5.1,398 2009 filr>,007f>-Je22 2(l()80-t4286 International Edition: ISBN 9TS.IM17-I640II7-7; MHID ()-07-l64ll(l7-X Caip\ right ("2009. f.xchisive rights b\ Ihc McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. for manufacture and export. Ihis book cannot be re-exported from the country to which il is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in North America. DEDICATION To the contributors to this and future editions, who took time to share Iheir knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students. and To our families, friends, and loved ones, who supported u.s in the task of assembling this guide. Contents Contributing Authors . . . . vi Pathology 397 Faculty Reviewers ,. vii Pharmacology 436 Preface .... ix Rapid Review .. 442 Acknowledgments xi How to Contribute .,. ,xiii CHAPTER 6. Neurology ,459 Embryology ..460 CHAPTER 1. Cardiovascular 1 Histology .. 517 Embryology 2 Pathology ..522 Anatomy ,.. 10 Pharmacology .,561 Phvsiologv 16 Rapid Review 586 Pathology ...43 Imaging ...79 CHAPTER 7. Psychiatry .601 Pharmacology ... 81 Rapid Review .. 637 ...99 CHAPTER 8. Renal .651 CHAPTER 2. Endocrine 111 Embryology .. bbz Hypothalamus and Pituitaiy ..112 Anatomy ..654 Thyroid and Parathyroid ..130 Histology ..657 Adrenal Gland ,. 151 Physiology ,. 663 Pancreas ,. 161 Pathology ..695 Rapid Review ,. 173 Pharmacology ,.723 Rapid Review .. 729 CHAPTER 3. Gastrointestinal ,. 183 .,184 CHAPTER 9. Reproductive .737 Anatnmv 187 Embryology ..738 .. 205 Anatomy ..750 Pathology .. 219 Physiology ..759 .. 276 Pathology-Male . . 780 Rapid Review ,.280 Pathology-Female ..790 Pharmacology ..819 CHAPTER 4. Hematology and Oncology.. .297 Rapid Review ..824 Embryology ..298 Anatomy .,300 CHAPTER 10. Respiratory .839 Pathology ., 304 Embryology .,840 Pharmacology .,338 Anatomy ,,846 .,343 Physiology ,.853 Pathology ..869 CHAPTER 5. Musculoskeletal Pharmacology ..895 and Connective Tissue ,359 Rapid Review ..899 Embryology ..360 Anatomy ,,371 Index ..907 Physiology ,,389 About the Authors ,.937 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Kevan M. Akrami Payal Lakhani Albert Einslcin College of Medicine Intern Class of 21HW Department of Inlemal Medicine Monlefiore Medical Center Ryan Patrick Bayley Pamela Landsteiner, MD Vaiidcrbilt Ihiiversilv School of Medicine Transitional Residenl Class of 20(18 David Cranl USAF Medical Center Travis Air Force Base, California Johnathan A. Bernard Yale University School of Medicine Teresa Lim Harvard School nf Public Health Resident Class of 2(1(W Department of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine Melissa A Buryk, MD Albert I'.iiislein College of Medicine Resident Departiiieiil of Pedialrics Joel Musee I'ortsinonlh Naval Medical Center Vandcrhill Ihiiversitv School of Niedieine Class of 2015 L. Taylor Davis V'anderbill til.tu)^isit^ School of Medicine Gregory Nelson, MD, MHS Class of 2008 Resident Dcparlinent of Orthopaedic Surgery Beverly (Ye) Du Hariies-)e\yisli 1 lospital 1 larvard Medical School Washington Uiiiversity in St. l.ouis Class of 201W Cicely Anne Dye Anil Pandit, MBBS Resident F. Edward Herbert School of Medicine nepartment ol Internal Medicine Unifomied Services Universilv of the Health Sciences University of Utah Affiliated Hospitals Class of 2()0y James H. Park Mary Evans, MD Yale School ol Medicine Resident nepartment of Inlcrnal Medicine Class of 201W Uo.slon Medical Center Sofie Rahman Jared Feinman Vandcrhill Universilv School of Medicine Class of 2009 Harvard Medical School Class of 2008 Rachel Reinert Justin F. Fox Vanderbill University School of Medicine Class of 2015 Residenl Deparlmenl of Surgery Benjamin Silverberg \Vrit;lil Slate Universily University of Coniicclicul School of Medicine Class of 20W Justin Gainor I larvard Medical School Brendon C. Tillman Class of 2008 F. Eduard Ilcbcrt School of Medicinc Rolf Craning, MD Unifornied Services University oflhe Heallh Scieiico Class of 2009 Inlern Deparlmenl of Internal Medicine Yolanda D. Tseng Naval Medical ('enter Porlsmonth Harvard Medical School Class of 2009 Nicole M. Hsu I'. Eduard Mcberl School of Medicine Joshua Tyler, MD Unifomied Services Universilv of ihe 1 Icallh Sciences Residenl Class of 20IW Deparlinenl of Ceneral Surgery Nancy Huynh Brooke Army Medical Cenler I larvard Medical School Eric Vaillant Class of 2008 Resident Sean L. Jersey, MD Universily of California Davis Medical Center Elisjlit Surgeon Joshua J. Weaver, MD Wth Rccoinuiissancc Sc|nadron Air Force Ihisc. California Resident Serge Kobsa Deparlmenl of Ncmology Vale Uniycisih School of Medicine New York Presbylerian AVeill Cornell t;lassol2()l] Cicely Williams Yale Universilv School of Medicine Class of 2011 ' FACULTY REVIEWERS Ronald Arky, MD Susan Farrell, MD Charles S. Davidson Dislingnishcd Professor of Medicine. Assistant Professor ol Medicine Brigliam and Woincn's Hospital Biighain and Woincn's Hospilal I laivard Medical School I laivard Medical School James B. Atkinson, MD, PhD Dennis Finkielstein, MD Professor Assislanl Professor of Medicine Deparlinenl of Palhology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Vanderbill Universily Medical Center David E. Golan, MD, PhD Susan J. Baserga, MD, PhD Professor Professor, Molecular Biophysics and Hiochemislrv. Ccnelics. Deparlinenl of Biological Chcmistrv tV Mnlcciilai Pharmacologs I lutapentic Radiology' Harvard Medical School Vale I 'niversily School of Medicine Attilio V. Granata, MD, MBA Stephen C Baum, MD Associate Prolcssor Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Imminiology Yale School of Medicine and Yile School of Public Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yvonne Grimm-Jorgensen, PhD Douglas A. Berv, MD Assistant Professor I .ectnrer Department of Cell Biologv Deparlinenl of Psychiatry University of Coniicclicul Heallh Ccnlci Yale Univeisily School of Medicine Mehrnaz Hojjati, MD Jonathan Bogan, MD Assislanl Professor Assistant Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology Deparlmenl of Medicine Yale University School of Medicine Medical School al the Universily of Minnesola Florence M. Brown, MD Paul D. Holtom, MD Assislanl Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine and Orlhnpcdies Belli Israd-Dcaconcss Medical Cenler Keck School of Medicine of University uf Soul I icrn Calilornia Harvard Medical School Edmund G. Howe III, MD, JD Yung-Chi "Tommy" Cheng, PhD Professor of Psychiatry ilcmv Branson Professor of Pliannacology Unifonncd Services University nl the Heallh Sciences Yile Universily School of Medicine Anand D Jeyasekharan, MD, MBBS Yoon Andrew Cho-Park, MD Department of Oncology and I Inlchison/MRC Kcscarch Ccnlre Clinical Fellow in Neurology University of Cambridge Massaclmsells Ceneral Hospilal/Brigham and Women's Hospilal Shanta Kapadia, MD, MBBS Harvard Medical School Lecturer Christoper Cimino, MD Deparlmenl of Surgery Professor of Clinical Neurology Yale School of Medicine \lliril Einslcin College of Medicine Joel Katz, MD Celena Dancourt, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Chief Residenl Brigham and Women's I lospital Deparlmenl of Psychialry I larvard Medical School Beth Israel Medical Center George L. King, MD Albert Einstein College of Medicine Professor of Medicine Sachin Desai, MD Brigham and Women's Hospital Clinical Fellow Harvard Medical School Departmenl of Pedialrics Philip Kingsley, MS Yale University School of Medicine Assislanl in Biocheinislrv Jorg Dietrich, MD, PhD Vanderbill University Medical Center Chief Residenl Michael Klompus, MD, PhD Deparlmenl of Neurology Instructor Massaclmsells Ceneral Hospilal/Brigham and Women's Hospital Deparlmenl of Ambulatory Care and Prevenlion I larvard Medical School Harvard Medical School Eric Elster, MD Fotios Koumpouras, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery Assistant Prolcssor of Medicine Utiiforincd Services Universilv ofthe Heallh Sciences University of Pillsbnrg School of Medicine , .1, ... . iniijiii iiiiiii iMiiiiini II tJiiiniimnnwBMMHH Patricia Kritek, MD E. Matthew Ritter, MD Inslruclor in Medicine Assistant Professor of Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Norman M. Rich Department of Surgery I larvard Medical School Unifonncd Services University of the Health Sciences Jayde Kurland, MD David H. Roberts, MD Si,ill Casliocntcrologisl Assislanl Professor of Medicine Nalional Naval Medical Center Belli Israel-Dcacoiiess Medical Center Joseph D. LaBarbera, PhD Harvard Medical School Associate Professor Jeffrey J. Schwartz, MD Department of Psychiatry Associate Professor Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Deparlmenl ot Anesthesiology John McArdle, MD Yale Universily School of Medicine Avsistant Professor of Medicine Ravi Shah, MD Yale Univeisily School of Medicine Resident in Intcmal Medicine Cynthia Macri, MD Massaclmsells Ceneral I lospital Assistant Professor, Ohslelries and Gynecology Keegan Smith, MD Unifonncd Senates University of the Heallh Sciences Clinical Ecllow Jason B. Martin, MD Division of Allergy. Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Vandcrhill I !iii\ersil) Medical Center Division of Allergy, Piilinonary. and Critical Care Departmenl of Medicine Darko Stefanovski, MSc Vandcrhill I hnvcrsity School of Medicine PhD Gradnate Sludenl; PIBBS (Physiology & Biophysics) Andrew Miller, DO Keck School of Medicine of University of Sonlhern California Senior Rhcnmalology Fellow Richard S. Stein, MD Vanderbill University Medical Center Prolcssor ot Medicine Tracey A. Milligan, MD, MS Vandcrhill University Medical Center Instructor in Neurology Howard M. Steinman, MD Brigham and Women's Hospital Professor of Biochemistry I laivard Medical School Albert Einslcin College of Medicine Kenneth L. Muldrew, MD, MPH Srinivas Susarla, DMD Winchester Fellow in Clinical MicrobioloL;\ (llinieal Fellow in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Deparlmenl of Liboralory Medicine Massaclmsells General 1 lospital Vale School of Medicine Louise D. Teel, PhD Michael Parker, MD Keseareh Assistant Professor Assistant Professor ol Medicine Department of Microbiology and Imminiology Beth Israel-Deaconess Hospital Uniformed Services University ofthe Heallh Sciences Harvard Medical School Mark Thomas, MD Jonathan P. Pearl, MD Associate Professor Assislanl Professor Physical Medicine anil Rcliabilitalion Heparlment of Surgery Albert Einstein College of Medicine l!iiiformcd Services University of llie Heallh Sciences Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, MB, BCh Cathleen C. Pettepher, PhD Professor of Pediatrics Professor, Cancer Biology and Cell it Dcyclopnieiital Biology Children's Hospilal Vanderbill University School of Medicine 1 larvard Medical School Staci E. Pollack, MD Assistant Professor of Reprodiielive F.iidocrhiology cV hilcililih Deparliiienl of Obstetrics, Cynccnlogy i!y Woincn's I Icallh Albert Einstein College of Medicine Preface With this first edition of First Aid fur the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems, we continue our commitmenl lo providing students with the most useful and up- to^Jate preparation guides for the USMI,!'! Step 1. Both this text and ils com- panion, Fmt Aid for the Basic Sciences: General Principals, are designed lo fill the need for a high-qualily, in-depth, concephially driven stuck guide for Step 1 of the USMLF,. They arc designed to be used cither alone, or in conjunc- tion with Ihc original First Aid for the USMLE Step 1. In this way. sludents can tailor their own studying experience, calling on either book, according to their mastery of each subject, Ihese hooks would nol have been possible without the help ofthe hundreds of studcnls and facully inembers who conlribiiled their feedback and sugges- tions. We invite students and faculty lo please share their thoughts and ideas to help us improve First Aid jor the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems. (Sec How to Contribute, p, xiii,) Tao Le /.<)i;/.sv;7/c' Kendall Krause Boston • Acknowledgments This has been a collaborative project from the start. We gratefully acknowl- edge the ihoughlful comments and advice oflhe residents, international med- ical graduates, and faculty who have supported the editors and authors in the development of First Aid for the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems. We wish lo extend a sincere and heartfelt thanks to our ama/ing editor, Isabel Nogncira. who truly was the backbone of this project. Wilhout her enthusi- asm and commitment, the publication of this project would not have been possible. Lor support and encouragement throughout the process, we are grateful lo Thao Pham, Louise Petersen, and Selina Franklin. I'luihermore. we wish to give credit to our wonderful editors and authors, who worked tirelessly on the manuscript. We never cease to be amazed by their detlieation, thoughtfulness, and creativity. Thanks to Catherine Johnson and our publisher, McGraw-Hill, for their assistance and guidance. For outstanding editorial work, we thank Karla Schmeder, Michael Shellon. and Alison Kelley. A special lhanks to Rainbow Graphics for remarkable produclion work. Thanks to Fcter Anderson ofthe Deparlmenl of Pathology, Universilv of Ala- bama al Birmingham, for use of images Irom the Pathologv Fducalion In- structional Resource Digital Library (http://peir.net). We also thank faculty' at Uniformed Services Universih- of the Health Sciences (USUHS) for use of their images, Tao be Lnuisville Kendall Krause Boston
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