Table Of Content

Organ Systems Third Edition SENIOR EDITORS EDITORS TAO LE, MD, MHS VINAYAK MURALIDHAR, MD, MSc Associate Clinical Professor Resident, Harvard Radiation Oncology Program Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine Brigham & Women’s Hospital University of Louisville School of Medicine JARED A. WHITE, MD WILLIAM L. HWANG, MD, PhD Resident, Department of Surgery Resident, Harvard Radiation Oncology Program Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital University of Florida College of Medicine Brigham & Women’s Hospital M. SCOTT MOORE, DO Clinical Research Fellow Affiliated Laboratories New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Athens / London / Madrid / Mexico City Milan / New Delhi / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. 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Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DEDICATION To the contributors to this and future editions, who took time to share their knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students and physicians everywhere. and To our families, friends, and loved ones, who supported us in the task of writing this book. This page intentionally left blank v Contents Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi CHAPTER 6. Neurology and Special Senses ...411 Faculty Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464 How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507 How to Contribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii CHAPTER 7. Psychiatry......................533 CHAPTER 1. Cardiovascular ................... 1 Basic Definitions and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 CHAPTER 8. Renal...........................583 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584 Imaging/Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594 CHAPTER 2. Endocrine ......................107 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623 Hypothalamus and Pituitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655 Thyroid and Parathyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 CHAPTER 9. Reproductive...................661 Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .662 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .674 CHAPTER 3. Gastrointestinal ................171 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172 Pathology—Genetic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178 Pathology—Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Pathology—Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258 CHAPTER 10. Respiratory....................747 CHAPTER 4. Hematology and Oncology ......265 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .818 CHAPTER 5. Musculoskeletal, Skin, and Connective Tissue...............323 Image Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825 Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841 Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335 About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .896 Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402 vi CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Haripriya S. Ayyala, MD James Murchison, MD Resident, Department of Surgery Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Medicine Class of 2016 James E. Bates, MD Resident, Department of Radiation Oncology Michael Oh, MD University of Florida, College of Medicine Resident, Department of Medicine Deep Bhatt, MD McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Brent Pickrell, MD Class of 2016 Resident, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Aaron J. Cohen Harvard Medical School Harvard Medical School Class of 2017 Jasmine Rana Harvard Medical School Eric Dowling, MD Class of 2017 University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences Heather Schopper Class of 2016 University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Class of 2017 Rachelle Dugue, PhD SUNY Downstate Medical Center Harrison To, MD Class of 2018 Resident, Department of Anesthesiology Reed Gilbow, MD University of California, San Diego Resident, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Elisa Walsh University of Virginia School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Thomas P. Howard Class of 2017 Harvard Medical School Class of 2020 Benjamin Weisenthal, MD Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Toufic R. Jildeh, MD Rehabilitation Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Vanderbilt University Medical Center Henry Ford Hospital Zachary Johnson, MD Wenhui Zhou Resident, Department of Neurological Surgery Tufts University School of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Class of 2019 James J. Jones Jr., MD Andrew Zureick Resident, Transitional Year Department University of Michigan Medical School San Antonio Military Medical Center Class of 2018 vii FACULTY REVIEWERS Zafia Anklesaria, MD Peter Marks, MD, PhD Fellow, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Department of Medicine U.S. Food and Drug Administration David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Kathryn Melamed, MD Fellow, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Mary Beth Babos, PharmD David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Associate Professor of Pharmacotherapy DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine Jeannine Rahimian, MD, MBA Lincoln Memorial University Associate Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Brooks D. Cash, MD Soroush Rais-Bahrami, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Assistant Professor, Urology and Radiology University of South Alabama School of Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Ammar Chaudhry, MD Melanie Schorr, MD Neuroradiologist, Department of Radiology Assistant in Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins Medical Institute Massachusetts General Hospital Jaimini Chauhan, MD Prashant Vaishnava, MD Physician, Geriatric Psychiatry and Adult Psychiatry Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College Tisha Wang, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Jeffrey J. Gold, MD, PhD Care Medicine Associate Professor, Department of Neurology Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego School of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Nancy Hsu, MD Adam Weinstein, MD Fellow, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Assistant Professor, Pediatric Nephrology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth This page intentionally left blank ix Preface With this third edition of First Aid for the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems, we continue our commitment to providing students with the most useful and up-to-date preparation guides for the USMLE Step 1. For the past year, a team of authors and editors have worked to update and further improve this third edition. This edition represents a major revision in many ways. ■ Every page has been carefully reviewed and updated to reflect the most high-yield material for the Step 1 exam. ■ New high-yield figures, tables, and mnemonics have been incorporated. ■ Margin elements, including flashcards, have been added to assist in optimizing the studying process. ■ Hundreds of user comments and suggestions have been incorporated. ■ Emphasis is on deeper understanding and integration of critical concepts. This book would not have been possible without the help of the hundreds of students and faculty members who contributed their feedback and suggestions. We invite students and faculty to please share their thoughts and ideas to help us improve First Aid for the Basic Sciences: Organ Systems. (See How to Contribute, p. xiii.) Louisville Tao Le Boston William Hwang