First Aid for the Basic Sciences, General Principles

577 Pages·2011·27.21 MB·English

by  Tao Le

General Principles
Second Edition
SENIOR EDITORS EDITOR
TAO LE, MD, MHS VINITA TAKIAR, MD, PhD
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Resident, Radiation Oncology
Chief, Section of Allergy and Immunology University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Department of Medicine
University of Louisville
KENDALL KRAUSE, MD
Resident, General Preventive Medicine/Public Health
Colorado School of Public Health
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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NOTIcE
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The following material was reproduced, with permission, from Le T, et al. First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011:
Figures 1-3, 1-7, 1-18, 1-19, 1-21, 1-23, 1-24, 1-26, 1-27, 1-29, 1-30, 1-32, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-26, 3-27, 3-34, 3-42, 3-45, 3-48, 3-49, 3-53,
3-59, 3-68, 3-69, 3-72, 3-105, 3-124, 3-125, 3-126, 3-127, 3-128, 4-3, 4-5, 4-6, 4-11, 4-25, 5-7, 5-8, 5-40, 5-41, 5-43, 6-5, 6-9, and 6-10; Tables 3-19, 3-28, 4-7, 5-52,
6-10, 6-14, and 6-16.
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DEDIcATION
To the contributors to this and future editions, who took time to share their
knowledge, insight, and humor for the benefit of students.
and
To our families, friends, and loved ones, who supported us
in the task of assembling this guide.
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v
contents
Contributing Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Fed Versus Unfed State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Faculty Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii Laboratory Tests and Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
How to Use This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi cHAPTER 4. Embryology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
How to Contribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
cHAPTER 5. MIcrobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
cHAPTER 1. Anatomy and Histology. . . . . . . . . .1 Bacteriology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Cellular Anatomy and Histology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Spirochetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Gross Anatomy and Histology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Mycology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Parasitology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
cHAPTER 2. Behavioral Science. . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Virology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Epidemiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Microbiology: Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Antimicrobials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Disease Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
cHAPTER 6. Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Principles of Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Psychology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Pathology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
cHAPTER 3. Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 cHAPTER 7. Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Molecular Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
cHAPTER 8. General Pharmacology . . . . . . . 529
Nucleotide Synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Pharmacodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Mutations and DNA Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Pharmacokinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Toxicology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
The Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Connective Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Homeostasis and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Amino Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Nutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
vi
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
Raj J. chovatiya Hadiza S. Kazaure
Yale School of Medicine Yale School of Medicine
Medical Scientist Training Program Class of 2012
Daniel J. Durand, MD Lauren Michal de Leon, MD
Instructor and Fellow Intern, Department of Internal Medicine
Radiology and Radiological Sciences Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Seenu Susarla, MD, DMD, MPH
Aaron Feinstein Resident, Departments of Surgery/Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery
Yale School of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital
Class of 2012 Harvard Medical School
Peter M. Gayed Rany Woo
Yale School of Medicine Yale School of Medicine
Class of 2016 Class of 2012
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
James S. Yeh, MD
Class of 2015
Resident, Clinical Fellow in Medicine
John W. Gilbert Cambridge Health Alliance
Yale School of Medicine Harvard Medical School
Class of 2012
Jose Luis Gonzalez
Yale School of Medicine
Class of 2012
vii
FACULTY REVIEWERS
Steven I. Aronin, MD, FAcP Shanta Kapadia, MBBS, M Surg
Chief, Section of Infectious Disease Lecturer, Section of Anatomy
Hospital Epidemiologist Department of Surgery
Waterbury Hospital Yale School of Medicine
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine
Michael Kashgarian, MD
Yale School of Medicine
Professor Emeritus of Pathology
Senior Research Scientist
Susan Baserga, MD, PhD
Department of Pathology
Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Genetics,
Yale School of Medicine
and Therapeutic Radiology
Yale School of Medicine Richard J. Pels, MD
Associate Chief of Medicine
choukri Ben Mamoun, PhD Internal Medicine Residency Program Director
Associate Professor of Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis Director of Graduate Medical Education, Cambridge
Yale School of Medicine Health Alliance
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Sheldon campbell MD, PhD
Harvard Medical School
Associate Professor of Laboratory Medicine
Yale School of Medicine Steve Sazinsky, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow
Oscar R. colegio, MD, PhD Boston University
Associate Professor of Dermatology
Howard Steinman, PhD
Yale School of Medicine
Assistant Dean for Biomedical Science Education
Professor of Biochemistry
Frantz Hastrup, MD
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Chief of Critical Care Medicine
Instructor in Medicine Richard Sutton, MD, PhD
Cambridge Hospital Associate Professor of Internal Medicine
Harvard Medical School Yale School of Medicine
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