Firefighting and Fire Safety Systems on Ships PDF
Preview Firefighting and Fire Safety Systems on Ships
Firefighting and Fire Safety Systems on Ships This accessible reference introduces frefghting and fre safety systems on ships and is written in line with the IACS Classifcation Rules for Firefghting Systems. It covers the design, construction, use, and maintenance of frefghting and fre safety systems, with cross references to the American Bureau of Shipping rules and various Classifcation Society regulations which pertain to specifc Classifcation Society rules. As such, this book: • Focuses on basic principles in line with current practice. • Is aimed at non-specialists. The book suits professional seafarers, students, and cadets, as well as leisure sailors and professionals involved in the logistics industry. It is also particularly useful for naval architects, ship designers, and engineers who need to interpret the Class rules when developing shipboard firefighting systems. Firefighting and Fire Safety Systems on Ships Alexander Arnfinn Olsen Cover image: Ministry of Defence, licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Alexander Arnfinn Olsen The right of Alexander Arnfinn Olsen to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-47302-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-47305-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-38552-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003385523 Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Preface xix Author’s note xxi Abbreviations xxiii PART 1 Science of combustion 1 1 Chemistry of fire 3 Fundamentals of fire 3 Combustion process 4 Fire triangle 5 Fuel 6 Oxygen 9 Heat 9 Fire tetrahedron 9 Extinguishing effect considering the fire tetrahedron 10 Breaking the chain reaction 13 Hazardous and combustible materials 13 Flame 13 Heat 14 Combustion gases 14 Fire vapours (smoke) 14 2 Classifications of fire 17 Class ‘A’ fires 18 Wood and wood-based materials 18 v vi Contents Burning characteristics of wood and wood-based materials 19 By-products of combustion of wood and wood-based materials 20 Textiles and fibres 20 Natural textiles 20 Synthetic textiles 21 Burning characteristics of textiles and fibres 21 By-products of combustion of textiles and fibres 22 Plastics and rubber 22 Burning characteristics of plastics and rubber 23 By-products of combustion of plastics and rubber 24 Locations of class ‘A’ materials on shipboard settings 24 Extinguishing effect of class ‘A’ fires 25 Class ‘B’ fires 25 Flammable liquids 25 Burning characteristics of flammable liquids 25 By-products of combustion of flammable liquids 26 Locations of flammable liquids on shipboard settings 26 Extinguishing effect of flammable liquids 27 Flammable gases 27 Basic hazards 28 Extinguishing flammable gases 31 Class ‘C’ fires 31 Types of equipment 32 Electrical faults that cause electrical fires 32 Hazards of electrical fires 33 Locations of electrical equipment on shipboard settings 34 Extinguishing electrical fires 34 Class ‘D’ fires 35 Hazards and characteristics of specific metals 35 Locations of class ‘D’ metals on shipboard settings 36 Extinguishing class ‘D’ fires 36 Class ‘F’ or ‘K’ fires 37 Hazards and characteristics of fires caused by cooking greases, fats, and oils 37 Contents vii Locations of cooking greases, fats, and oils on shipboard settings 38 Extinguishing class ‘F’ or ‘K’ fires 38 PART 2 Fire extinguishing systems and infrastructure 41 3 Shipboard fire main systems 43 General principles of the shipboard fire main system 43 Extinguishing capabilities of water 43 Moving water to the fire 44 Straight streams 45 Efficiency of straight streams 45 Using straight streams 45 Fog streams 46 High-velocity fog streams 46 Low-velocity fog streams 47 Limitations of fog streams 47 Combination nozzle operation 47 4 Class requirements for fire main systems 53 Main fire pumps 53 Number required 53 Arrangements 53 General arrangement and common boundaries 53 Access 54 Power supplies 54 Water supply 55 Environmental systems 55 Emergency fire pump 58 Arrangement (independent systems) 59 Capacity 59 Pressure 59 Starting arrangements 59 Fuel supply 60 viii Contents Suction 60 Arrangement (boundaries) 60 Supply and delivery piping 61 Access 61 Fire main sizing and system pressures 63 Fire hose reaction 65 Isolation valves and routing arrangements 66 Fire main piping components and materials 67 Hydrant locations and fire hoses and nozzles 68 Hydrant locations 68 International shore connection arrangements 71 Cold weather protection 72 Additional requirements for vessels with automation notations 72 Alternative requirements for steel vessels under 90 m in length and less than 1,000 GRT 73 Additional requirements for oil and fuel oil tankers 73 Additional requirements for passenger vessels 74 Additional/alternative requirements for RORO vessels 77 Additional/alternative requirements for gas carriers 77 Application 77 Fire pump/fire main sizing 77 Pressure 78 Arrangements 78 Isolation valves 78 Nozzles 78 Piping materials 78 Remote operations 78 Steel vessels under 90 m (295 ft) in length 79 High-speed craft 80 Cargo vessels for river service 84 Additional requirements for passenger vessels in river service 86 Yachts 87 Fishing vessels 88 Contents ix Accommodation barges 89 Pump requirements 91 Fire main and pressure 91 Hydrant locations and arrangements 92 Nozzles 92 International shore connection 92 Offshore support vessels 93 Revised notation 93 Emergency fire pump suction 93 5 Fixed water extinguishing systems 95 General principles of fixed water extinguishing systems 96 Water spray systems 96 Water sprinkler systems 96 Water mist systems 97 Class requirements for fixed water spray, water sprinkler, and water mist systems 99 General system component requirements 99 Pumps 99 Piping components and materials 99 Nozzles 100 Fixed water spray systems in machinery spaces 100 Nozzles 100 Coverage rate 101 Division into sections 102 Supply and control arrangements 102 System capacity requirements 103 Arrangements 103 Pump prime movers 103 Protection from clogging 103 Fixed water sprinkler systems in accommodation spaces 104 General 104 Visual and audible alarms 104 Zone arrangements 104 Section isolation valves 105
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