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M.Y.H. Bangash Y.F. Al-Obaid F.N. Bangash Fire Engineering of Structures Analysis and Design Fire Engineering of Structures ThiSisaFMBlankPage M.Y.H. Bangash (cid:129) Y.F. Al-Obaid (cid:129) F.N. Bangash Fire Engineering of Structures Analysis and Design M.Y.H.Bangash Y.F.Al-Obaid London,UnitedKingdom Safat,Kuwait F.N.Bangash ASZPartners London,UnitedKingdom ISBN978-3-642-36153-1 ISBN978-3-642-36154-8(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-36154-8 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013949739 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisbookprovidesageneralintroductiontothetopicofthree-dimensionalanalysis anddesignoffireengineeringstructuresandintendedforageneralreadership. A major part of design for fire resistant involves the elements or components. The emphasisisplacedonstructure,whichhasaprimaryroleinpreventingseriousdamage or structural collapse. These elements or components are clearly established. Various designworksarefinallyintegrated.Thiscomprehensiveworkincludes: 1. Theintensifyoffireanditsdepletioninthemajoranalysis 2. Fireloadingisdecidedwithitsinfluenceonthedesign 3. Whereexperimentresultsareinvestigatedandincludedintheanalysis 4. Finite element is the main analysis together with the solution procedures that havebeenpresentedindetailinthisbook 5. Theanalysisanddesignarefullydescribedusingspecificdiagrams 6. Results are fully established, wherever explanations are required; they are reportedbytables 7. Briefcasestudiesaretested 8. Diagramsandfiguresareself-explanatory 9. Acomputerprogramhasthepossibilityofdivertingforspecificproblems 10. The computer program has the ability of possible changing the analysis and design London,UK M.Y.H.Bangash Safat,Kuwait Y.F.AL-Obaid London,UK F.N.Bangash v ThiSisaFMBlankPage Symbols Used in Fire (I)Generalusedinliteratureonfire Greeksymbols Description Units A Stressratio A Thermaldiffusivity m2/s A Ratioofhotwoodstrengthtocoldwoodstrength α Horizontalopeningsratio h α Verticalopeningsratio v B Reliabilityindex B Measuredcharringrate mm/min β Effectivecharringrateifcornerroundingignored mm/min 1 β Nominalcharringrate mm/min n β Charringrateforparametricfireexposure mm/min par Δ Beamdeflection mm Δ Deflection mm Δ Maximumpermitteddisplacement mm L Δ Mid-spandeflectionofthereferencespecimen mm 0 X Bucklingfactorforcolumns χ Bucklingfactorforbeams LT E Strain εσ Stress-relatedstrain ε Creepstrain cr ε Initialstrain i ε Thermalstrain th ε Transientstrain tr E Emissivity Φ Configurationfactor Ф Strengthreductionfactor Ф Strengthreductionfactorforfiredesign f К Elasticcurvature 1/m γ Partialsafetyfactorfordeadload G γ Partialsafetyfactorformaterial M γ Partialsafetyfactorforliveload Q (continued) vii viii SymbolsUsedinFire Greeksymbols Description Units Γ Fictitioustimefactor H Temperatureratio Θ Plastichingerotation radians P Density kg/m3 ρ Densityofinsulation kg/m3 i ρ Densityofsteel kg/m3 s Z Loadfactor Z Distancetoneutralaxis mm Z Elasticsectionmodulus mm3 Z Elasticsectionmodulusinfireconditions mm3 f e Fuelloadenergydensity(perunitareaofinternalsurfaces) MJ/m2 t E Modulusofelasticity GPa E Characteristicearthquakeload k E Totalenergycontainedinfuel MJ f F Factorinconcrete-filledsteelcolumnequation F Stress MPa f* Calculatedstressinmember MPa f Allowablestress MPa a f Characteristicbendingstrength MPa b f Characteristicbendingstrengthinfireconditions MPa b,t f Crushingstrength MPa c f0 Characteristiccompressivestrengthofconcrete MPa c f0c;T Compressivestrengthofconcreteatelevatedtemperature MPa f Characteristictensilestrength MPa t f Characteristictensilestrengthinfireconditions MPa t,f f Yieldstrengthat20(cid:2)C MPa y f Yieldstrengthatelevatedtemperature MPa y,T F Surfaceareaofunitlengthofsteel m2 F Crushingloadofcolumn kN c F Criticalbucklingloadofcolumn kN crit F Ventilationfactor(A √H /A) m0.5 v v v t F/V Sectionfactor m-1 G Charparameter G Deadload G Characteristicdeadload k H Slabthickness mm H Heightfrommid-heightofwindowtoceiling m h Convectiveheattransfercoefficient W/m2K c h Radiativeheattransfercoefficient W/m2K r h Totalheattransfercoefficient W/m2K t H Heightofradiatingsurface m H Heatedperimeterofsteelcrosssection m p H Heightofroom m r H Heightofwindowopening m v ΔH Calorificvalueoffuel MJ/kg c I Momentofinertia mm4 j Internalleverarminreinforcedconcretebeam mm d K Growthparameterfort2fire (continued) SymbolsUsedinFire ix Greeksymbols Description Units K Thermalconductivity W/mK k Factortoconvert5thpercentileto20thpercentile 20 k Thermalconductivityofinsulation W/mK i k Ratioofallowablestrengthtoultimatestrength a k Compartmentliningparameter minm2/MJ b k Compartmentliningparameter minm2.25/MJ c k Strengthreductionfactorforheatedwood f k Factortoconvertallowablestresstomeanfailurestress mean k Reductionfactorforconcretestrength c,T k Reductionfactorformodulusofelasticity E,T k Reductionfactorforyieldstrength y,T k Durationofloadfactorforwoodstrength d k Charfactorforparametricfire p K Effectivelengthfactorforcolumn l1,l2 Dimensionsoffloorplan m L Lengthofstructuralmember mm Lf Factoredloadforfiredesign Lu Factoredloadforultimatelimitslate Lw Loadforworkingstressdesign Lv Heatofgasification MJ/kg M Moisturecontent % mc Moisturecontentas%byweight % md Moisturecontentas%ofdryweight % m Rateofburning kg/s M Massperunitlengthofsteelcrosssection kg M Massoffuel kg M Bendingmoment kNm Mf Flexuralstrengthinfireconditions kNm Mn Nominalmomentcapacity kNm Mp Momentcapacityofplastichinge kNm My Bendingmomentatfirstyield kNm M* Designbendingmomentincoldconditions kNm cold M* Designbendingmomentinfireconditions kNm fire M* Redistributedbendingmomentinfireconditions kNm fire,red N Axialload kN N Criticalbucklingload kN crit N Nominalaxialloadcapacity kN n N Axialloadcapacityinfireconditions kN f N* Designaxialforce kN N* Designaxialforceinfireconditions kN fire p Perimeteroffireexposedcrosssection m P Axialforcecausinginstability kN Q Rateofheatrelease MW Q Peakheatreleaserate MW p Q Rateofheatreleaseforfuelcontrolledfire MW fuel Q Rateofheatreleaseforventilationcontrolledfire MW vent Q Liveload Q Characteristicliveload k (continued)