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Finland and the New International Division of Labour PDF

257 Pages·1992·23.303 MB·English
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FINLAND AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR Also hy Kimmo Kiljunen KAMPUCHEA: Decade of the Genocide (editor) NAMIBIA: The Last Colony (editor with Reg Green alld Marja-Liisa Kiljunen) REGION-TO-REGION COOPERATION BETWEEN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (editor) Finland and the New International Division of Labour Kimmo Kiljunen Direetor, Institute of Development Studies Helsinki University, Finland Foreword by Charles P. Kindleberger Emeritus Professor, Massaehusetts Institute of Technology M © Kimmo Kiljunen 1992 Foreword © Charles P. Kindleberger 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1992 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may bf! reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1992 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LT D Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-10014-9 ISBN 978-1-349-10012-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10012-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson Okehampton and Rochdale To my wife, Marja-Liisa Kiljunen Contents List of Tab/es IX Foreword by Charles P. Kindleberger XI Preface xiii List of Abbreviations XVI 1 Towards a Theory of International Division of Industrial Labour 1 1.1 The ca se for comparative advantage 1.2 Qualifications for determination of comparative advantage 6 1.3 Opposition for specialisation based on comparative advantage 17 1.4 Determination of international industrial division of labour 35 2 Third World Industrialisation 54 2.1 Country concentration 57 2.2 Branch concentration 61 2.3 Corporate concentration 68 3 International Specialisation of Finland 78 3.1 Development success in the semi-periphery 78 3.2 Pattern of international specialisation 96 4 Import Competition from LDCs 112 4.1 Import penetration 113 4.2 LDC imports by sectors 115 4.3 Country concentration in LDC imports 118 4.4 Adjustment constraints 121 4.5 Employment change 123 5 Manufactured Exports to LDCs 134 5.1 DMEs as suppliers of manufactures 135 5.2 Export destinations 138 VII Vlll Contents 6 LDC Competition in Export Markets 143 6.1 Competition in traditional export markets 143 6.2 Clothing and footwear exports 149 6.3 Forest product exports 158 7 Production Capital and Technology Transfers 182 7.1 Finnish production participation in LDCs 184 7.2 Finnish dependence on foreign production capital and technology 191 Conclusions 198 Notes 205 References 21 7 Index 237 List of Tables I.l Pattern of international participation 52 2.1 Distribution of world manufacturing value-added, labour force, and exports by major regions, 1938-85 55 2.2 Twelve leading exporters of manufactures among LDCs, 1965 and 1986 58 2.3 Export structure of manufactures in the leading LDC exporters, 1986 63 2.4 Export structure of manufactures in DMEs and LDCs, 1986 65 2.5 Classification of manufactured exports by skill intensity and value-added content in LDCs and DMEs, 1986 66 2.6 Private direct investment stock from DMEs in LDCs, 1967, 1974 and 1981 71 2.7 Average hour1y wages in manufacturing in DMEs and leading LDC exporters of manufactures, 1984-1986 74 2.8 TNC shares in the production, employment and exports of manufactures in the leading LDC exporters, 1978-86 75 3.1 Finnish foreign trade, 1870-1910 81 3.2 Finnish foreign trade, 1920-40 85 3.3 Finnish foreign trade by major partners and regions, 1953-88 89 3.4 Finnish foreign trade structure, 1953-87 91 3.5 The employment structure, 1870-1985 93 3.6 Finnish foreign trade structure by major regions, 1987 100 3.7 Classification of Finnish manufactured exports by skill intensity and value-added content, 1987 101 3.8 Foreign trade with LDCs by main DMEs, 1987 104 3.9 Finnish trade ratio, 1987 107 4.1 Manufactured imports from LDCs by main DMEs, 1987 114 4.2 Finland's main imports of manufactured goods from LDCs, 1960-87 116 4.3 Twelve leading LDC ex porters of manufactures to Finland, 1970 and 1987 119 4.4 Manufacturing employment in Finland, 1970-87 124 5.1 Manufactured exports to LDCs by main DMEs, 1987 137 IX x List 0/ Tables 5.2 Finnish manufactured exports to twelve leading LDCs, 1970, 1980 and 1987 139 5.3 OECD manufactured exports to twelve leading LDCs in 1965, 1980 and 1987 140 6.1 Market shares of Finland and LDCs in OECD imports, 1970, 1980 and 1987 146 6.2 Finnish c10thing and footwear exports by major country destinations, 1970, 1980 and 1987 155 6.3 World forest resources and global use of wood, 1985 162 6.4 Established plantations in LDCs, 1985 166 6.5 World forest industry production, 1960 and 1985 168 6.6 Composition of forest product exports, 1985 170 6.7 Fifteen leading exporters of forest products, 1985 172 6.8 World exports of forest products, 1960 and 1985 175 7.1 Stock of direct investment in LDCs, by major DMEs, 1970 and 1981 185 7.2 Number of Finnish subsidiaries abroad and foreign subsidiaries in Finland, 1965-87 187 7.3 Number of Finnish subsidiaries in LDCs, 1987 188 7.4 Number of Finnish manufacturing subsidiaries abroad by sectors, 1986 190 7.5 R&D expenditures by major DMEs, 1987 192 7.6 Machinery and equipment trade of major DMEs. 1970. 1980 and 1987 194

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