Finfish Aquaculture: Species Selection for Diversification

704 Pages·2010·7.6 MB·English

by  by Le Francois (Author)

F A D
INFISH QUACULTURE IVERSIFICATION
We would like to honour the memory of our eminent colleague,
Dr Joseph A. Brown, whose enthusiasm for aquaculture diversification
provided inspiration for the book. He was greatly appreciated for his kindness,
accessibility, involvement and impact on a wide range of endeavours.
F A
INFISH QUACULTURE
D
IVERSIFICATION
EDITED BY
Nathalie R. Le François
Biodôme de Montréal, Québec, Canada
Malcolm Jobling
University of Tromsø, Norway
Chris Carter
University of Tasmania, Australia
Pierre U. Blier
Université du Québec à Rimouski, Québec, Canada
ASSISTANT EDITOR AND ILLUSTRATOR
Arianne Savoie
Université du Québec à Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Finfish aquaculture diversification / edited by Nathalie R. Le François … [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-494-1 (alk. paper)
1. Fish culture. I. Le François, Nathalie R. II. Title.
SH151.F46 2010
639.3--dc22
2009015984
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 494 1
Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts
Production editor: Fiona Harrison
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by the MPG Books Group.
Contents
Contributors xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
I Aquaculture Diversifi cation: an Introduction 1
1 Fish Culture: Achievements and Challenges 3
Malcolm Jobling
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Application of Emerging Technologies to 4
Aquaculture Research
1.3 Stock Improvement 6
1.3.1 Sex-reversal and production of monosex 7
populations and triploids
1.3.2 Induction of sterility 8
1.3.3 Interactions between farmed and wild fish 9
1.3.4 Transgenic fish 10
1.4 Feed Ingredients and Resources 11
1.4.1 Feed ingredients of plant origin 12
1.4.1.1 Transgenic plants 12
1.5 Health Management and Disease Control 15
1.5.1 Diagnostics and disease treatment 16
1.5.1.1 Vaccines 17
1.5.1.2 Antibiotics and other 17
chemotherapeutic agents
1.6 Food Products: Nutritional Composition, Food Safety 18
and Traceability
1.6.1 Analysis of aquaculture products 19
v
vi Contents
1.7 Fish as Food: Consumer Attitudes (and the Question 21
of GM-Fish)
1.8 Concluding Remarks 23
2 Fish Culture: the Rearing Environment 33
Malcolm Jobling
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Water Sources and Their Consequences for 34
Rearing Systems
2.2.1 Ponds 34
2.2.2 Cages and pens 36
2.2.3 Land-based systems 36
2.3 Biosecurity: a Key for Disease Prevention 39
2.4 Water Quality 40
2.4.1 Salinity 41
2.4.2 Oxygen 44
2.4.3 Nitrogenous products: ammonia, nitrite and nitrate 45
2.5 Temperature 49
2.5.1 Temperature, reproduction and development 51
2.6 Light 53
2.7 Fish Welfare Under Culture Conditions 55
3 Fish Culture: Feeds and Feeding 61
Malcolm Jobling
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Nutrients and Nutritional Requirements 62
3.2.1 Metabolism and body maintenance: fish versus 64
terrestrial livestock
3.3 Aqua-feeds for Farming Fish 66
3.3.1 Feeds for different life history stages 67
3.3.2 Fishmeal and fish oil: a reduced reliance on these 70
feed ingredients
3.3.2.1 Organic contaminants in fish and 71
fish feeds
3.3.2.2 Physiological effects of organic 72
contaminants
3.3.2.3 Fishmeals as a protein source in 73
aqua-feeds
3.3.2.4 ‘Alternative’ protein sources in 74
aqua-feeds
3.3.2.5 The need for marine fish oils in 75
aqua-feeds
3.4 Feeding Behaviour, Feeding Routines and Feed 77
Delivery Systems
3.4.1 Feeding methods and routines: assessment 77
of satiation
Contents vii
3.4.2 Automatic feeding systems 79
3.5 Environmental Protection and Related Issues 82
4 Farmed Species and Their Characteristics 88
Malcolm Jobling
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Characteristics Desirable in a Farmed Species 89
4.3 Fish as Food: A Comparison with Terrestrial Livestock 91
4.4 Natural Diets of Farmed Animals 92
4.5 Domestication and Genetic Selection 93
4.6 Culture Species 94
4.7 Concluding Comments 96
5 Considerations for the Selection and Commercialization 100
of New or Alternate Species
Nathalie R. Le François, David Otton and Guillaume Werstink
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Why Develop a New or an Alternate Species? 101
5.3 Who Is Likely To Develop New Species and Products? 103
5.4 When Is This Development Likely To Occur? 105
5.5 What Does the Development Process Entail? 105
5.6 How Should Commercialization Be Conducted? 106
5.7 Conclusion 112
6 A Systematic Market Approach to Species Diversifi cation: 115
a French Case Study
Marc Suquet
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Methodology 118
6.2.1 Enquiries 118
6.2.2 Selection procedure 118
6.3 Constraints and Limitations of the Model 119
6.4 Case Study: The Case of the French Atlantic, the 123
Channel and the North Sea Coasts
6.4.1 Enquiries 123
6.4.2 Selection procedure 125
7 The Agribusiness Approach 132
David Otton and Lawrence Dooley
7.1 The Concept of Agribusiness 132
7.2 Method 132
7.3 The Agribusiness System 132
7.4 Case Studies: Catfish, Atlantic Salmon and Barramundi 136
7.4.1 Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) 137
7.4.2 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) 138
viii Contents
7.4.3 Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) 139
7.5 Conclusion 140
7.6 Future Trends and Issues 140
II Finfi sh Species Description 145
and Biotechnical Analysis
8 Quantitative Approaches for Identifying Finfi sh Species 147
Suited for Sustainable and Productive Aquaculture
Nathalie R. Le François, Arianne Savoie and Pierre U. Blier
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Site-specific Selection of the Most Suitable Species and 149
Production Strategy: a Québec (Canada) Case Study
8.2.1 Collection of species-specific biotechnical data 150
8.2.2 Description of the model 150
8.2.2.1 Step 1 150
8.2.2.2 Step 2 153
8.2.2.3 Step 3 153
8.2.3 Results and discussion 153
8.2.4 Particularities, constraints and limitations 154
of the model
8.3 Evaluation of Commercial Species’ Attributes in Terms of 155
Productivity/Sustainability
8.3.1 Collection of species-specific biotechnical data 156
8.3.2 Criteria selection and description 157
8.3.2.1 Reproduction and incubation 157
8.3.2.2 Larval and juvenile production 160
8.3.2.3 On-growing and commercialization 161
8.3.3 Results and discussion of cold, temperate and 165
warmwater fish species analysis
8.3.3.1 Coldwater fish species 165
8.3.3.2 Temperate fish species 169
8.3.3.3 Warmwater fish species 172
8.3.4 Particularities, constraints and limitations of 173
the model
9 The Sturgeons (Family: Acipenseridae) 178
Matthew Litvak
9.1 General Introduction 178
9.2 Farming of Sturgeons 179
9.3 Shortnose Sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum 180
9.3.1 Biology and culture 180
9.3.1.1 Gross anatomy 181
9.3.1.2 Distribution 182
9.3.1.3 General life history 182
9.3.1.4 Behaviour/adaptability 185
Contents ix
9.3.1.5 Fishery status 185
9.3.2 Broodstock management and hatchery operations 185
9.3.3 On-growing to market size 187
9.4 Atlantic Sturgeon, Acipencer oxyrinchus oxyrinchus 188
9.4.1 Biology and culture 188
9.4.1.1 Gross anatomy 188
9.4.1.2 Distribution 189
9.4.1.3 General life history 191
9.4.1.4 Feeding 191
9.4.1.5 Behaviour/adaptability 191
9.4.1.6 Fishery status 192
9.4.1.7 Aquaculture attributes and challenges 192
9.4.2 Broodstock management and hatchery operations 193
9.4.2.1 Disease 194
9.5 Product Description 194
9.6 Markets 195
9.7 Future R & D for Shortnose and Atlantic Sturgeons 196
10 Milkfi sh (Family: Chanidae) 200
Cheng-Sheng Lee and Chin-fa Liu
10.1 General Introduction 200
10.2 Farming of Milkfish 201
10.3 Broodstock Management and Hatchery Operations 203
10.4 On-growing to Market Size 208
10.5 Future Perspectives 212
11 The Catfi sh (Family: Ictaluridae) 216
Jeffrey Silverstein, Terrill Hanson and Brian Bosworth
11.1 General Introduction 216
11.2 Farming of Catfish 217
11.3 Broodstock Management and Hatchery Operations 219
11.4 On-growing to Market Size 222
11.5 Future Perspectives 230
12 The Salmonids (Family: Salmonidae) 234
Malcolm Jobling, Arne-Mikal Arnesen, Tillman Benfey,
Chris Carter, Ronald Hardy, Nathalie R. Le François,
Robyn O’Keefe,Juha Koskela and Simon G. Lamarre
12.1 General Introduction 234
12.2 Whitefishes: Biology and Culture 236
12.2.1 Common whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus 237
12.2.1.1 Farming of common whitefish 239
12.2.1.2 Broodstock management and 239
hatchery operations
11.2.1.3 On-growing to market size 240