Table Of Content

Finding Sand Creek Also by Jerome A. Greene Slim Buttes, 1876: An Episode of the Great Sioux War(Norman, 1982) Yellowstone Command: Colonel Nelson A. Miles and the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877(Lincoln, 1991) (ed.) Battles and Skirmishes of the Great Sioux War, 1876– 1877: The Military View(Norman, 1993) (ed.) Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877(Norman, 1994) Morning Star Dawn: The Powder River Expedition and the Northern Cheyennes, 1876(Norman, 2003) Washita: The U.S. Army and the Southern Cheyennes, 1867– 1869(Norman, 2004) Also by Douglas D. Scott (with Richard A. Fox, Jr.) Archaeological Insights into the Custer Battle: An Assessment of the 1984 Field Season (Norman, 1987) (with Richard A. Fox, Jr., Melissa A. Connor, and Dick Har- mon) Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of Little Bighorn(Norman, 1989) (with P. Willey and Melissa A. Connor) They Died with Custer: Soldiers’ Bones from the Battle of Little Bighorn (Norman, 1998) Finding Sand Creek History, Archeology, and the 1864 Massacre Site Jerome A. Greene and Douglas D. Scott Foreword by Christine Whitacre University of Oklahoma Press : Norman Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greene, Jerome A. Finding Sand Creek: history, archeology, and the 1864 massacre site / Jerome A. Greene and Douglas D. Scott; foreword by Christine Whitacre. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8061-3623-5 (alk. paper) 1. Sand Creek Massacre, Colo., 1864. 2. Cheyenne Indians—Antiquities. 3. Arapaho Indians—Antiquities. 4. Excavations (Archaeology)—Colorado—Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. 5. Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (Colo.)—History. 6. Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (Colo.)—Antiquities. I. Scott, Douglas D. II. Title. E83.863.G74 2004 978.8004'97353—dc22 2004041286 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc.∞ Copyright © 2004 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Nor- man, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 To the memory of Don G. Rickey, 1925–2000, Historian of the American West This page intentionally left blank The site of that historic [Sand Creek] affair has not been marked. If it were possible, we, as a nation, doubtless had rather the event could be forgotten. —Walter M. Camp, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting and Dinner of the Order of Indian Wars of the United States Held January Seventeenth Nineteen Hundred and Twenty This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations xi List of Tables xiii Foreword, by Christine Whitacre xv Preface and Acknowledgments xxiii Chapter 1. The Sand Creek Massacre 3 Chapter 2. Historical Documentation of the Location and Extent of the Sand Creek Massacre Site 26 Chapter 3. Identifying the Sand Creek Massacre Site through Archeological Reconnaissance 63 Chapter 4. Postarcheology Archival Conclusions Regarding the Location of the Sand Creek Massacre Site 99 Appendices A. Archeological Artifact Description and Analysis 123 B. J. H. Haynes Cheyenne Depredation Claim 163 C. Cheyenne and Arapaho Annuity Requests, Receipts, and Lists 165