Financing Illegal Migration: Chinese Underground Banks and Human Smuggling in New York City PDF
Preview Financing Illegal Migration: Chinese Underground Banks and Human Smuggling in New York City
Transnational Crime, Crime Control and Security Series editors: Anastassia Tsoukala, University of Paris XI, France, and James Sheptycki, York University, Canada Editorial board: Peter Andreas, Brown University, USA, Vida Bajc, Methodist University, USA, Benjamin Bowling, King’s College London, UK, Stanley Cohen, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK, Andrew Dawson, University of Melbourne, Australia, Benoît Dupont, University of Montreal, Canada, Nicholas Fyfe, University of Dundee, UK, Andrew Goldsmith, University of Wollongong, Australia, Kevin Haggerty, University of Alberta, Canada, Jef Huysmans, Open University, UK, Robert Latham, York University, Canada, Stéphane Leman-Langlois, Laval University, Canada, Michael Levi, Cardiff University, UK, Monique Marks, University of KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa, Valsamis Mitsilegas, Queen Mary, University of London, UK, Ethan Nadelmann, Drug Policy Alliance, USA, John Torpey, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA, Federico Varese, University of Oxford, UK Titles include: Vida Bajc SECURITY, SURVEILLANCE AND THE OLYMPIC GAMES (forthcoming) Sophie Body-Gendrot GLOBALIZATION, FEAR AND INSECURITY The Challenges for Cities North and South Graham Ellison and Nathan Pino (editors) GLOBALIZATION, POLICE REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT Doing it the Western Way? Alexander Kupatadze ORGANIZED CRIME, POLITICAL TRANSITIONS AND STATE FORMATION IN POST-SOVIET EURASIA (forthcoming) Jude McCulloch and Sharon Pickering (editors) BORDERS AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME Pre-Crime, Mobility and Serious Harm in an Age of Globalization Georgios Papanicolaou TRANSNATIONAL POLICING AND SEX TRAFFICKING IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE Policing the Imperialist Chain Leanne Weber and Sharon Pickering (editors) GLOBALIZATION AND BORDERS Death at the Global Frontier Linda Zhao FINANCING ILLEGAL MIGRATION Chinese Underground Banks and Human Smuggling in New York City Transnational Crime, Crime Control and Security Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–23028945–1 (hardback) 978–0–23028946–8 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Financing Illegal Migration Chinese Underground Banks and Human Smuggling in New York City Linda Shuo Zhao Visiting Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of the District of Columbia, USA © Linda Shuo Zhao 2013 Foreword © Ko-Lin Chin 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-349-45062-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-45062-6 ISBN 978-1-137-29090-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137290908 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Dedicated to the memory of Drs John S. Goldkamp and Mark Haller This page is intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments x 1 Introduction 1 Organized crime or illegal enterprises 2 Research on Chinese underground banks 4 Chinese underground banks in U.S.-bound illegal immigration through human smuggling 6 2 Chinese Underground Banks in China and the United States: Background 1 4 Historical background of Chinese underground banks: P’iao-hao and Qianzhuang, old-style native banks 15 Re-emergence of Chinese underground banks in mainland China: state policy and the financial environment 16 Regional variance in growth of underground banks in Fujian 2 2 Underground banks in the migratory waves to the United States 25 Summary 32 3 Main Clientele and Operators of Underground Banks: Analysis and Findings 34 Main clientele of underground banks: Fujianese illegal immigrants 3 5 Individuals operating underground banks and operating style 4 6 Summary 58 4 Mechanism, Purposes, and Role of Underground Banks in the Smuggling of Chinese 61 C entral role of dialect-based networks 62 Illegal immigrants’ use of underground banks 76 vii viii Contents Shift away from the use of underground banks in remittance flows 8 6 Role of underground banks in illegal migration aided through human smuggling 90 Summary 9 6 5 Facilitating Role of Underground Banks: Implications of the Research 99 Key findings 99 Practical implications 103 Policy implications 108 Conclusion 1 17 Appendix: Research methods 120 Methodology: recruitment and interview of Chinese illegal immigrants in the U.S. 120 Validity issues: bias and reactivity 127 Confidentiality and anonymity 1 29 Data management and analysis 130 Notes 138 Bibliography 1 46 Index 157 List of Illustrations Tables A.1 Comparison among major remittance transfer mechanisms available to Fujianese illegal immigrants in the U.S. 1 31 A.2 Schedule of interviews: December 2007–March 2008 1 32 A.3 Respondents’ demographic characteristics 1 33 A.4 R espondents’ use of smuggling and smuggling loan and debt repayment 134 A.5 R espondents’ use of underground banks 1 36 A.6 R espondents’ plans 1 36 Figures 4.1 T he role of underground banks in supporting Chinese illegal immigration through human smuggling 98 5.1 Chinese global illegal migration through human smuggling: a multiple-network model 1 07 A.1 Formal and informal remittance channels for Fujianese illegal immigrants from the early 1990s to the present 130 ix
The list of books you might like
