ebook img

Final thesis Bos PDF

208 Pages·2009·1.28 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Final thesis Bos

Incomplete Cartels and  Antitrust Policy ISBN   978 90 3610 146 2    Cover design: Crasborn Graphic Designers bno, Valkenburg a.d. Geul          This  book  is  no.  463  of  the  Tinbergen  Institute  Research  Series,  established  through cooperation between Thela Thesis and the Tinbergen Institute. A list of  books which already appeared in the series can be found in the back. Incomplete Cartels and Antitrust Policy: Incidence and Detection ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 20 november 2009, te 12:00 uur door Adriaan Maarten Bos geboren te Rotterdam Promotiecommissie Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.W.A. Boot Prof. dr. M.P. Schinkel Overige Leden: Prof. dr. P.J.G. van Cayseele Prof. dr. J.E. Harrington Prof. dr. J. Hinloopen Prof. dr. J.J.M. Theeuwes Dr. J. Tuinstra Faculteit Economie en Bedrijfskunde (cid:147)I am so not competitive. In fact, I am the least non-competitive, so I win...(cid:148) - Family Guy1 1See www.familyguyquotes.com. Contents List of Figures vii Acknowledgments ix 1 Motivation and Outline 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 The Economics of Incomplete Cartels 11 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Incomplete Cartels in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Foundations of Cartel Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.3.1 The Incentive Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.2 The Participation Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.3 Why are Cartels Bad? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4 On the Pro(cid:133)tability of Incomplete Cartels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 Collusive price leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.4.2 Di⁄erentiated goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.3 Quantity competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4.4 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.5 On the Sustainability of Incomplete Cartels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.5.1 Collusive price leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.2 Di⁄erentiated goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 iv Contents 2.5.3 Quantity competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.5.4 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 The Participation Puzzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.6.1 Collusive price leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.6.2 Di⁄erentiated goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.6.3 Quantity competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6.4 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.7 Coalition Formation with Positive Externalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.7.1 Simultaneous cartel formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7.2 Sequential cartel formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.8 Incomplete Cartels and Firm Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.9 Incomplete Bidding Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.10 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3 A Theory of Incomplete Cartels with Heterogeneous Firms 55 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.2 A Model of Collusion with Asymmetric Capacity Constraints . . . . . 58 3.2.1 Static Nash Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.2.2 In(cid:133)nitely Repeated Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.3 Optimal Cartel Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.3.1 Costless Collusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3.2 Costly Collusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.4 Incentives to Collude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.5 The Most Pro(cid:133)table Cartel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.6 Incomplete Cartels and Mergers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.6.1 Merger Incentives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.6.2 Coordinated E⁄ects of Mergers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4 Cartel Detection and Antitrust Law Enforcement 93 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.2 Goal and Scope of Cartel Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.2.1 Why do we need Cartel Detection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.2.2 Why do we need Economics to Detect Cartels? . . . . . . . . . 97 4.3 Economic Methods of Cartel Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.3.1 Market Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3.2 Cartel Conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4.3.3 Market Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 4.4 Potential Pitfalls in Cartel Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.4.1 No Result, is a Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.4.2 DescriptiveFlaws,EmpiricalLimitationsandTheoreticalCom- plications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.4.3 On the Problem of De(cid:133)ning a Workable Benchmark . . . . . . 114 4.5 Detecting Incomplete Cartels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.5.1 A Variance Screen for Collusion: an Example (1) . . . . . . . . 115 4.6 The Need for Industry Speci(cid:133)c Detection Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Contents v 4.6.1 A Variance Screen for Collusion: an Example (2) . . . . . . . . 120 4.7 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5 Tracing the Base: A Topographic Test for Collusive Basing-Point Pricing 123 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.2 Basing-Point Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.3 A Model of Basing-Point Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.3.1 Competitive Basing-Point Pricing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.2 Collusive Basing-Point Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.4 Detecting Collusive Basing-Point Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.4.1 Variance Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.4.2 Bid-distance Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.5 Tracing the Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.5.1 Base Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.6 A Likelihood Measure of Collusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6 Summary and Conclusions 153 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.2 Main Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.3 Implications for Antitrust Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.4 Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.4.1 Cartel Formation with Heterogeneous Firms . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.4.2 Disentangling Overt Collusion and Tacit Collusion . . . . . . . 159 R A BaseLocator(cid:13) 163 A.1 Steps to Trace the Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 A.2 Kernel of the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 References 171 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 185

Description:
yields some important insights that are helpful in antitrust law enforcement. To safeguard competition in the market place, most capitalist societies have adopted a set of antitrust laws and set up antitrust agents that are given the task to enforce these orules of competitionp. The precise content
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.