FILSAFAT TERAKHIR: Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa PDF
Preview FILSAFAT TERAKHIR: Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa
FILSAFAT TERAKHIR Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa This page is intentionally left blank Miswari FILSAFAT TERAKHIR Evaluasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa FILSAFAT TERAHIR E valuasi Filsafat Sepanjang Masa Judul: x + 468 hal., 15 cm x 23 cm All Rights Reserved Cetakan Pertama: September, 2016 Hak Cipta © dilindungi Undang-undang. MISWARI Penulis: Perancang Sampul & Unimal Press Penata Letak: Eriyanto Pracetak dan Produksi: Penerbit: Unimal Press Jl. Sulawesi No.1-2 ISBN 602137355-3 Kampus Bukit Indah Lhokseumawe 2435 1 PO.Box. 141. Telp. 0645-41373. F ax. 0645-44450 L aman: www.unimal.ac.id/unimalpress. Email: [email protected] 978-602-1373-55-2 ISBN: 9 786021 373552 > Dilarang keras memfotocopy atau memperbanyak sebahagian atau seluruh buku ini tanpa seizin tertulis dari Penerbit KATA PENGANTAR Radhitu billahi Rabba, wabil Islami diina. Wabi Muhammadani nabiya wa rasula Alhamdulillah. . Konon, Tuhan membangun sebuah menara agar manusia tidak berpecah belah. Itu seperti filsafat Pythagogas. Namun karena watak manusia yang egoistik, Tuhan meruntuhkan menara itu. Manusia menjadi berpecah- belah. Setelah Pythagoras, filsafat dipecah menjadi idealisme oleh Plato dan dan realisme oleh Aristoteles. Setelah itu, para filosof terpecah menjadi idealis dan realis, rasionalis dan empiris, dan seterusnya. Sebagian berusaha menggabungkan separasi itu. Imam Mahdi yang dijanjikan muncul di akhir zaman tidak datang dengan membawa agama baru. Dia hadir untuk meneguhkan agama yang sudah ada; Sebuah agama yang diyakini seFbilasgaafia tp eTneyretimngpguirna agama-agama sebelumnya. Filsafat terakhir tidak hadir untuk membangun sebuah aliran filsafat baru.F Iials ahfaadti rT eurnatkuhki rmeneguhkan yang hingga kini diyaniki telah berhasil mensintesa seluruh ajaran filsafat, teologi dan sufisme. Buku mengevaluasi seluruh ajaran filsafat yang telah ditulis ummat manusia. Buku ini wajib dimiliki oleh mahasiswadan dosen yang menggelutikajian filsafat dan siapa saja yang ingin memahami seluruh ajaran filsafat dalam sebuah buku. Buku ini diawali dengan penjelasan dan argumentasi seputar filsafat, teologi dan mistisme untuk membuat pembaca nyaman dengan diskursus selanjutnya. Lalu dijelaskan dasar-dasar ilmu dan filsafat untuk memahami tertib dasar filsafat dan keilmuan. Lalu menerangkan filsafat Timur, filsafat Barat Klasik, Fisafat Islam, filosofi Nusantara, filsafat Barat, Postodernisme, filosofi agama dan diskursu-diskursus yang umumnya menjadi turunan dari filsafat, seperti fisafat manusia, sejarah pendidikan dan kebangsaan. Terimakasih tak terhingga kepada keluarga, rekan-rekan, penerbit dan semua pihak yang telah memberikan banyak kontribusi hingga buku ini sampai kepada pembaca. Mohon maaf atas segala kekurangan. Masukan sangat diharapkan guna perbaikan untuk edisi selanjutnya. Peusangan, 12 September 2016 Penulis v This page is intentionally left blank vi DAFTAR ISI KAGTAER PBEANNGGAN FTILASRA .F....A...T...............................................................................................................................v DAFTAR ISI ......................................................................................................................................................vii ............................................................................................................................ 1 FILSAFAT MENUJU WUJUD........................................................................................................1 PANGGILAN FILSAFAT ..................................................................................................................5 DUA CARA PENDEKATAN ...........................................................................................................7 ANTARA MATERI DAN PERISTIWA.....................................................................................8 BUKU KEHIDUPAN........................................................................................................................... 9 ILMU DIAM .........................................................................................................................................1 2 TAMAN ORANG-ORANG YANG BERBAHAGIA ........................................................... 14 AKAL AKTIF .......................................................................................................................................1 6 SURVIVAL FILSAFAT ...................................................................................................................1 7 FILOSOF BUKAN KUDA ..............................................................................................................2 0 ANTARA HIKMAH DAN PENALARAN .............................................................................. 23 FILSAFAT MISTISME ...................................................................................................................2 4 TEOLOGI KLASIK ............................................................................................................................ 27 HIDUP DARI MATI ......................................................................................................................... 44 OMEGA...................................................................................................................................................4 6 ORIENTASI MANUSIA .................................................................................................................4 8 DAMSAERRE-DKAAS BAERRIDLEMBUA TD .A...N.... ..F...I..L...S...A...F...A....T....................................................................................5 3 KE KEBUDAYAAN .......................................................................................................................... 55 ................................................................................. 61 DASAR-DASAR PENGETAHUAN .......................................................................................... 61 DASAR-DASAR PENGETAHUAN DALAM ISLAM ...................................................... 64 FILESPAIFSATETM TOIMLOUGRI DALAM PANDANGAN AL-ATTAS ................................................. 65 DASAR-DASAR FILSAFAT.........................................................................................................6 9 ................................................................................................................................ 73 FILSAFAT PERSIA .......................................................................................................................... 73 FILSAFAT INDIA.............................................................................................................................. 75 FILFSIALSFAAFTA BTA CRINAAT . .K....L...A....S...I.K............................................................................................................... 77 FILSAFAT JEPANG ......................................................................................................................... 78 ...........................................................................................................8 1 KOSMOSENTRISME YUNANI ................................................................................................. 81 LOGOSENTRISME YUNANI......................................................................................................8 6 Sofis dan Sokrates ...................................................................................................................8 6 Plato ..................................................................................................................................................8 8 Aristoteles.....................................................................................................................................9 1 ANTROPOSENTRISME YUNANI DAN NEOPLATONIS .......................................... 97 Sinisme dan Skeptisme........................................................................................................9 8 Epicurus dan Kaum Stois ...................................................................................................9 9 Neoplatonis............................................................................................................................... 101 vii TEOSENTRISME KRISTEN ....................................................................................................1 04 FILSASFtA. ATu IgSuLsAtiMne ............................................................................................................................ 105 St. Thomas Aquinas.............................................................................................................1 06 ............................................................................................................................... 111 FILSAFATWUJUD DALAM TRADISI INTELEKTUAL ISLAM........................... 114 PANDANGAN AL-KINDI TENTANG POSISI AKAL DAN WAHYU ................ 117 FILSAFAT POLITIK ISLAM AL-FARABI ........................................................................ 119 LOGIKA IBN SINA ........................................................................................................................1 21 METAFISIKA IBN SINA ............................................................................................................1 28 AL-GHAZALI: TEOLOG MENILAI FILSAFAT ............................................................. 132 TEOLOGI FAKHRUDDIN AR-RAZI ................................................................................... 135 Tuhan Tidak Serupa dengan Makhluk-Nya........................................................ 135 Tuhan tidak Mengambil Tempat................................................................................ 136 Teodisi Teologis.....................................................................................................................1 37 FILSAFAT ISLAM SPANYOL ................................................................................................. 137 Ibn Bajjah ...................................................................................................................................1 38 Ibn Tufayl ...................................................................................................................................1 38 Ibn Rusyd ...................................................................................................................................1 38 FILSAFAT ISYRAQ SHIHÂB AL-DÎN AL-SUHRAWARDÎ.................................... 140 Prinsip Epistemologi Isyraqi ........................................................................................ 141 Relasi Suhrawardi dengan Flosof.............................................................................. 143 WSeubjeuldum dan Setelahnya..................................................................................................1 43 EPIASlT-HEaMqOq LOGI WAHDATUL WUJUD IBN ‘ARABI ............................................... 144 dan ‘Adam..................................................................................................................1 52 dan Khalik..............................................................................................................1 52 Tajali ..............................................................................................................................................1 53 Zahir dan Batin.......................................................................................................................1 54 Kesatuan dan Pluralitas ...................................................................................................1 54 ATla-n'Yzaihn daal-nT sTaabsiytabhih .............................................................................................................1 55 Zat dan Nama-nama............................................................................................................1 55 ...............................................................................................................1 56 Insan Kamil ............................................................................................................................... 156 PENGANTAR MENUJU FILSAFAT MULLA SADRA................................................ 157 MULLA SADRA .............................................................................................................................. 166 Wujud dan Mahiyah............................................................................................................1 67 FILOSJOiwFaI NdaUnS PAeNnTgAetRaAhuan.......................................................................................................1 78 Fakultas Jiwa............................................................................................................................ 180 ................................................................................................................1 83 HAMZAH FANSURI .....................................................................................................................1 83 SYAMSUDDIN AS-SUMATRANI ......................................................................................... 195 NÛR AL-DÎN AL-RANIRÎ .........................................................................................................1 96 ABD AL-RAÛF AL-SINKILÎ.....................................................................................................1 98 SYAIKH YUSUF AL-MAQASSARI ....................................................................................... 201 KI AGENG SURYOMENTARAN ........................................................................................... 203 viii FILSAFAT BARAT MODERN ....................................................................................................2 05 LEONARDO ......................................................................................................................................2 06 NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI ........................................................................................................2 14 GIORDANO BRUNO ....................................................................................................................2 15 SIR FRANCIS BACON.................................................................................................................2 17 RENE DESCARTES ......................................................................................................................2 19 JOHN LOCKE ...................................................................................................................................2 24 BARUCH SPINOZA ......................................................................................................................2 26 GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ....................................................................................... 228 GEORGE BERKELEY ..................................................................................................................2 30 DAVID HUME..................................................................................................................................2 31 JEAN JAQUES ROUSSEU ..........................................................................................................2 33 Romantisme ............................................................................................................................. 235 IMMANUEL KANT .......................................................................................................................2 37 Metafisika Kant ......................................................................................................................2 41 Etika Kant...................................................................................................................................2 44 JEREMY BENTHAM ....................................................................................................................2 49 GEORG FRIEDRICH WILHELM HEGEL ......................................................................... 251 Nalar Sejarah Hegel.............................................................................................................2 55 LUDWIG FEUERBACH ..............................................................................................................2 63 JOHN STUART MILLS................................................................................................................2 64 SOREN KIERKEGAARD ............................................................................................................2 64 KARL MARX.....................................................................................................................................2 67 POFSRTIMEDORDIECRKN NIETZSCHE ..........................................................................................................2 70 REVIEW FILSAFAT BARAT MODERN ........................................................................... 271 ....................................................................................................................................2 73 PENDIDIKAN JOHN DEWEY ................................................................................................ 273 FILOSOFI MATEMATIS ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD ................................... 276 TERTIUM ORGANUM PETER DEMIANOVICH OUSPENSKY .......................... 283 FILSAFAT BAHASA LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN ....................................................... 296 SANG ADA MARTIN HEIDEGGER ..................................................................................... 311 FALSIFIKASI KARL POPPER ................................................................................................ 320 FRANCOIS LYOTARD ................................................................................................................3 24 MICHAEL FOUCAULT ...............................................................................................................3 25 DEKONSTRUKSI JACQUES DERRIDA ............................................................................ 327 RICHARD RORTY ......................................................................................................................... 332 FILHOESROMFIE AUGNAEUMTAIKA......................................................................................................................3 34 POSTMODERNISME ADALAH SOFISME MUTAKHIR ......................................... 339 ............................................................................................................................. 353 MERETAS JALAN TEOLOGI BARU ................................................................................... 353 INTELEK DAN INTUISI ............................................................................................................3 67 TARIAN ILAHI................................................................................................................................ 372 KESADARAN ...................................................................................................................................3 83 HERMEUNEUTIKA AL-QUR'AN ......................................................................................... 388 TEMBANG CINTA ........................................................................................................................3 94 MENGEMBALIKAN KEAGUNGAN KRISTEN ............................................................. 400 ix
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