FFIILLMM CCUULLTTUURREE IN TRANSITION Figuring the Past Period Film and the Mannerist Aesthetic belén vidal Amsterdam University Press FiguringthePast Figuring the Past Period Film and the Mannerist Aesthetic Belén Vidal ThepublicationofthisbookismadepossiblebyagrantfromtheBritishAcademy. Frontcoverillustration:BrightStar(©BBCFilms/TheKobalCollection) Coverdesign:KokKorpershoek,Amsterdam Lay-out:JAPES,Amsterdam isbn (paperback) isbn (hardcover) e-isbn nur ©B.Vidal/AmsterdamUniversityPress, Allrightsreserved.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyrightreservedabove, nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrieval system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise)withoutthewrittenpermissionofboth thecopyrightownerandtheauthorofthebook. Everyefforthasbeenmadetoobtainpermissiontouseallcopyrightedillustra- tionsreproducedinthisbook.Nonetheless,whosoeverbelievestohaverights tothismaterialisadvisedtocontactthepublisher. Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction– Period Film andthe ManneristMoment FragmentsandFigures AnInternationalGenre Mannerism:ThePossibilitiesofaConservativeAesthetic Chapter 1–A Poetics ofFiguration TheBelatedMomentofMannerism PasticheandtheRealityEffect FromtheFigurativetotheFigural Classical/Post-classical:Adaptation,FilmWritingandtheTechnological Narrative CreditsRoll:TheFigureasThreshold Chapter 2–PresentinthePast: TheHouse NostalgiaInterrupted:TheHouseanditsGhosts Homeand(Dis)Inheritance:HowardsEnd TheCollectorandtheHouse-Museum:TheGoldenBowlandEndof Period MelodramaandtheDescriptiveMode:TheAgeofInnocence FidelitytothePastandtheMelancholicImagination:WomanasGhost TheHouseofMirthor,TimeandWoman Chapter 3–Timeand theImage: TheTableau StillImages/MovingNarratives:TheTableauEffect TheShot-Tableau:FromPregnantMomenttoHieroglyph ThePortraitasFetish PortraitsandTableauxintheFeministImagination Deframings:ThePortraitofaLady Double-FramingtheMythologiesoftheFemaleArtist:Artemisia Vision,BlindnessandtheDisplacementofTrauma TheGovernessor,theWomaninCamera Chapter 4–TheSceneofWriting:TheLetter TextualErotics:ReadingtheLetterasObjectandFigure TheLetterthatArrivesTooLate:FigurationandMelodramatic Temporality 6 FiguringthePast LettersandSpatialDisplacement TheLoveLetterandtheQueerEncounter:Onegin ImaginaryLandscapesofLoss:ToThoseWhoLove TruncatedNarratives,TextualPossibilities:Atonementandthe InterruptedHistoriesoftheEuropeanPeriodFilm. Conclusion – Second Sight:ReviewingthePast, FiguringthePresent Notes Bibliography Index ofFilmTitles IndexofNamesandSubjects Acknowledgements This book has had an extremely long gestation, and I am indebted to many persons and institutions that provided invaluable support along the way. I thank the British Academy for its financial support, and the editorial team at AmsterdamUniversityPress,whomadeitpossibleforthisbooktoseethelight of day. I would like to thank especially Thomas Elsaesser for his encourage- ment,JeroenSondervanforshepherdingtheprojectandSteph Harmonforher carefulcopy-editingofthemanuscript. I am most indebted to John Caughie and Julianne Pidduck; not only were they committed and sharp readers for this project at the stage of doctoral re- search, but they also introduced me to what it means to think critically about film. I could not have wished for better mentors. The Department of Theatre, FilmandTelevisionStudiesattheUniversityofGlasgowprovidedanurturing intellectualenvironment and my first realhome away from home. It was there that this project started, and I benefitted from the guidance, support and feed- back of many teachers and friends, including Karen Boyle, Dimitris Eleftherio- tis,IanGarwood,ChristineGeraghty,IanGoode,KarenLuryandVassilikiKo- locotroni. Duringmytimeat St Andrewsand King’sCollegeLondonI havecontinued tolearnindialoguewithwonderfulcolleaguesandstudents.Forherintelligent criticism,supportandfriendship,IamdeeplyindebtedtoGinetteVincendeau. Big thanksare also due to Natalie Adamson, Vicente J.Benet, Bernard Bentley, MarkBetz,TomBrown,WilliamBrown,SarahCooper,KayDickinson,Richard Dyer,MetteHjort,YunMiHwang,DinaIordanova,LawrenceNapper,Michele Pierson, Gill Plain, Jen Rutherford and Leshu Torchin – and very especially to DavidMartin-Jones,GaryNeedhamandSarahNeely.Theirfriendshiphassus- tained me and their knowledge of film has always inspired, and often dazzled me.Cinephiliamaybeasolitarypassion,butitonlythrivesingoodcompany. This project has greatly benefitted from interaction with various academic interlocutors.Invitationstospeakatanumberofinternationalconferencesand researchseminarshelpedenormously,andprovidedimportantsteppingstones towardsthisbook.Heartfeltthankstothosewhoencouragedmetopublishon this topic at various stages, especially Mireia Aragay, John Caughie, Annette Kuhn, Antonio Lastra, Graham Petrie and Vicente Sánchez-Biosca. An early version of material included in chapter two appeared as ‘Classic Adaptations, Modern Reinventions: Reading the Image in the Contemporary Literary Film’ 8 FiguringthePast inScreen,vol.,no.();sectionsofchapterthreewerepublishedas‘Fem- inistHistoriographiesandtheWomanArtist’sBiopic:TheCaseofArtemisia’,in Screen, vol. , no () and as ‘Playing in a Minor Key: the Literary Past throughtheFeministImagination’,inBooksinMotion:Adaptation,Intertextuality, Authorship,editedbyMireiaAragay(Rodopi,).Workthatformedthebasis of chapter four was published as ‘Labyrinths of Loss: The Letter as Figure of Desire and Deferral in the Literary Film’, in Journal of European Studies, vol. , no.().AsamplehasalsoappearedinSpanishinthejournalArchivosdela Filmoteca (no. ) and in the collection Estudios sobre cine, edited by Antonio Lastra(Verbum,). Thanks to friends for countless great discussions about movies we watched together over more than twodecades, for keeping in touch and for welcoming meback,yearafteryear:PaulaBurriel,ÁngelaElena,EsmeraldaLandete,Hele- nia López, Enrique Planells, Carolina Sanz, Anna Brígido, Vicente Rodríguez andIlincaIurascu. My biggest debt of love and gratitude is to my family, especially to my par- ents, my grandfather Eustasio, my aunts Lolín and Guillermina, and la dulce Enriqueta. My amazing sisters Gisela and Gemma helped me keep sane with emotional support, lots of fun, trips to the cinema (and beyond) and much, much practical help. Gemma also doubled as a formidable research secret agent,indefatigablytrackingdownbooksandfilms. Most of all, I thank Manuel for being with me every step of this adventure, through a hundred letters, several houses and a few dramatic changes in the picture.Thankyou forwatching andreading, forallthe great discussions, and forbelievinginmeevenwhenIdidnot.Icouldnothavedonethiswithoutyou. Thisbookisdedicatedtomyparents,JaimeVidalMartínezandGemmaVil- lasurLloret.Thankyouforsupportingmeinallkindsofways,forenduringmy absence,andfornotallowingmetoforgettheimportantthingsinlife. – Introduction Period Film and the Mannerist Moment Thepastisaforeigncountry;theydothingsdifferentlythere. L.P.Hartley,TheGo-Between() The term irony has become too worn out to be useful… When we think about dis- tancewethinkaboutthecuttingoffofemotion,andit’snotthat.It’sadistancethat bringswithitagreateremotionalreservoiroffeeling. ToddHaynes.InterviewwithNickJames,SightandSound() In the introduction to his evocatively titled book The Past is a Foreign Country, David Lowenthal remarks that ‘it is no longer the presence of the past that speakstous,butitspastness’.Thissubtledistinctionunderliesthepleasuresof the period film, in which the ‘the Past’ (as original myth or foundational mo- ment) resonates in the present through the visual (and aural) spectacleof past- ness, and itsintricate signs.Theperiodfilmstages a return to aplace andtime whose codes may seem strange and, more often than not, irrelevant. However, periodobjectsandritualsareasourceofcontinuingfascination,whichaccounts for the genre’s enduring popularity. Behind the apparent nostalgia for the es- sence of something lost, there is always something found that becomes mean- ingfulforeachgenerationofviewers,inscribedinthewaysweimaginethepast according to the needs and expectations of the present. This book explores the periodfilmbyfocusingonthevisualpre-eminencegiventoitsfiguresofmean- ing.Thenotionoffigureprovidesaprismthroughwhichtolookatafilmgenre that thrives on convention and variation. Focusing on a cycle of films made between and , I will be discussing the ways these films project the contemporary historical imagination through a unique aesthetic that engages withthetexturesofthepastindistinctiveways. The period film presents a narrative image of a distant but recognisable cul- turalpastthroughtheworkofthemise-en-scène.‘Periodfilm’oftenworksasa conveniently functional umbrella term for historical films and classic adapta- tions, and within them, a wide variety of genre pieces (swashbuckling adven- tures,thrillers,romances,comediesofmannersorepics)thatexploitthepastas a conveniently exotic background for genre narratives. Scholarly accounts of the genre tend to use ‘historical film’ for films that reconstruct documented
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